Existential Anxiety And Neurotic Anxiety

Existential Anxiety And Neurotic AnxietyMany theorists recount among anxiety and fear. While fear is a response to a specific, objective and defined threat, anxiety is internal and objectless. It is a free-floating feeling of unease and taking into custody that something bad is going to happen. It is accompanied with physical sensations such(prenominal) as choking and tightness, warning the soul of a potential danger (Cohn, 1997 Spinelli, 2007).However, this distinction does not polish off the concept of anxiety since it takes many forms and receives different emphases by a variety of approaches. A central term in the psychoanalytic theory is neurotic anxiety, magic spell empiricalists talk about existential anxiety. I forget clarify the difference between the two and its implications for therapy. In doing so, I will consider Freuds outlook on anxiety and its origin, as well that of various existential philosophers and psychotherapists.Anxietya. Neurotic Anxiety t in exclu sivelyy to FreudPsychoanalysis emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Freud believed that the forgiving psych is composed of the id, the swelled head and the superego, which work together to create complex human behaviors. According to this topographical model, the id seeks to fulfill all wants, hires and impulses while the superego plays the critical and honorableize role. The ego is the aspect of personality which deals with reality, having to cope with the conflicting demands of the id and the superego (Hall, 1954).Freud used the term ego strength to refer to the egos ability to function despite these dueling forces. A person with good ego strength is able to effectively manage these pressures. When the ego rotternot deal with the demands of our desires, the constraints of reality and our own moral standards, we experience anxiety. Neurotic anxiety is the unconscious worry that we will lose control of the ids urges, resulting in punishment for inapprop riate behavior. Moral anxiety involves a fear of violating our own moral principles.Whatever the anxiety, the ego seeks to reduce it. Operating at the unconscious level, it employs exculpation mechanisms to distort or deny reality. While all defense mechanisms can be adaptive and hold us to function normally, they can also be unhealthy. The defenses keep the threatening contents outside conscious aw atomic number 18ness, restricting direct scene of drives. However, they provide indirect expression of these in displaced, sublimated, or symbolic form. Dreams, Freudian slips and even so symptoms, are a compromise between a forbidden impulse or model, and the defense against it. When defense mechanisms are extremely overused or distort reality too much, this will result in symptoms such as OCD or phobias, an active expression of the conflict (Mitchell and black, 1995).Existential AnxietyExistentialists consider anxiety ontologically and not a result of an individual ontic developm ent. It is an inseparable, inevitable aspect of existence, and a potentially positive phenomenon. (Kirby, 2004 Cohn, 1997).According to the existential approach, the individuals anxiety-provoking basic conflict is not with repressed instinctual impulses, but with his confrontation with the launchns of existence that cannot be avoided. These pose the human with certain final concerns that are an ineluctable part of the human beings existence in the world (May and Yalom, 1995).Several complementary models aim to reflect the structure of existence. One of the most known ones is Yaloms (1981), which identifies four ultimate concerns death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness. The individuals confrontation with each of these provokes anxiety.Freedom refers to the fact that the human being is the author of his own manners, and responsible for his own choices and actions. This responsibility and ability to choose freely, evokes feelings of dread and angst, since the exit of our ch oices are never certain and always imply the rejection of alternatives (Cohn, 1997). According to Sartre (1956), people are condemned, rather than blessed to be free.Kierkegaard (cited in Cohn, 1997, p.71) describes anxiety as the dizziness of freedom. This dizziness is the price we pay for freedom, while making us aware of our possibilities under the limitations of the world we are thrown into. Anxiety is further intensified since we lease no given meaning to guide us in our choices and to base our decisions on. Like a person lost in the jungle, we are forced to compress our own path through lifetime, with no directing signs or maps to point us in the right direction (Cooper, 2003, p.22).Spinelli (2007) accentuates the human need to create a reality with meaning, an interpreted world. If there is no preordained design in life, then we must construct our own meaning in life. We are torn between contradicting forces- between our deep wish for ground and structure on one hand, and our awareness of freedom on the other hand, as well as our need to find meaning in a meaningless universe (May and Yalom, 1995).The most obvious ultimate concern is death (Tillich, 2000). While we wish to continue to live, we are aware of the terrifying truth of inevitable death. it is not only freedom and nothingness that brings with it anxiety, but also the fact that our existence runs up against essential boundaries, such as death and chance. Indeed, it is only because of these boundaries that our choices are infused with angst (cooper, 2003, p.23). This idea is well illustrated in the title of Heideggers work Being and Time- Daseins being is in time, it is finite (Steiner, 1987). Deaths inevitability makes life seem meaningless, reminds us of our existential isolation, and defines our choices as excluding one another due to the time limit (Yalom, 2008).Whether it is presented in terms of life versus death, meaning versus meaningless or certainty versus uncertainty, this intern al tension expresses itself as anxiety, which is unavoidable and non-pathological, but a basic given of the individuals life. Considered in this way, the dilemma of existential anxiety is not so much that it is, but rather how each of us lives with it (Spinelli, 2007, p.27).How Do We Live with it?Van-Deurzen (2002) suggests that in our attempt to fly the coop existential anxiety, we either withdraw from life history, or rent life like there is no choice, living automatically under the self prank that freedom and responsibility do not exist. This self whoremaster that Sartre (1956) calls bad faith leaves no room for anxiety, but also no room for life itself. Heidegger describes the adoption of conventions as submitting to the they and the absorption in the day-to-day distractions, as fallenness- Dasein falls into the ontic world, into in legitimacy. The fallenness is positive because feeling emptiness and alienation, one becomes aware of the loss of himself, and can aspire to re turn to his authentic being (Kirby, 2004 Steiner, 1987). Anxiety throws Dasein back to that he is most anxious from- his authentic potentiality to being-in-the-world (Heidegger cited in Spinelli, 2007, p.29).Every attempt to run away or deny anxiety will only result in intensified anxiety, reminding us of our limitations. Lifewill persecute those who attempt to play by their own rules until they too submit and bear their fate with courage rather than trying to escape (Van-Deurzen, 2002, p.39). An encounter with death, for instance, is often a critical turning point in our attitude to life, an awakening experience. Though the physicality of death destroys us, the idea of death can save us. (Yalom, 2008, p.33).Anxiety is indicative of ones awareness level to his freedom. The more one recognizes and acts on his basic freedom, the more angst he will feel, which is a sign of authenticity (Cooper, 2003 Steiner, 1987). When life is not taken for granted, existential anxiety is experienced (Van-Deurzen, 2002, p.35). We need to embrace and explore anxiety as part of our life experience. We are all torn between the polarities of the existential questions. By facing the polarities and finding the balance, we find meaning.Anxiety Comes in Different DisguisesThe source of neurosis is held by Tillich to be the refusal to stimulate anxiety. Furthermore, Yalom and May (1995) emphasize failed death transc residuumence as the source of many pathologies. It is the way of avoiding nonbeing by avoiding being (Tillich, 2000 p.66). In our attempts to escape anxiety, we adopt restrictive patterns of thought and behavior, which are expressed through structures of what can be identified as symptoms or disorders (Spinelli, 2007). The dread is disguised and concealed in various forms, which provide the illusion of safety, but also restrict growth (Van-Deurzen, 2002 Yalom, 2008).Pathologizing certain categories of anxiety is clearly incompatible with the existential-phenomenological app roach. It seems more fitting to acknowledge a continuum where on one end are courageous and authentic ways to respond to anxiety, and at the other, avoidant, despairing and inauthentic ways (Kirby, 2004).Case StudyDave came to therapy feeling stuck and unsuccessful in all life areas. He married and quickly divorced and succeeded financially but lost everything. He even became religious and then secular again, after religion turned from love to awe. He followed the rules of Judaism obsessively, and also today, he fears he will be punished for various thoughts and acts. For over a year, he felt compelled to give charity in the first kiosk he saw that day, or else he would die.Freud might see this compulsive behavior as an expression of moral anxiety. There is an intra-psychic struggle between Daves ids drives (that made him sleep around and get involved in delinquency), and his super-ego, according to which he should not be doing and thinking such things, making him feel guilt. In hi s maladaptive efforts to set uptle the conflict, he tries to undo his acts and please the super-ego by giving charity that will save him from punishment. Treatment will aim to free the repressed conflict and allow it to enter consciousness and become integrated. Another aim might be strengthening his ego, allowing the development of fitter defense mechanisms in order to rid of anxiety (Hall, 1954).An existential approach will conceive this neurotic behavior as an expression of trying to escape death awareness. Daves fear is not from dueling inner forces, but from non-being. In his attempts to avoid the dreadful recognition that he too will die, he adopted a rigid and restricting behavior that gives him a sense of security from this threat. A behavior that says if I will donate, I will not die it even says so on the box1In therapy, Dave should be encouraged to face anxiety and awaken from this illusion. We are all going to die, and acknowledging that enables living. An existential a pproach does not try to eliminate anxiety, it sees it as an important source of information that motivates and guides us to a full authentic life. According to Van-Deurzen (2002), in the first phase the therapist shows the client the various ways in which he escapes anxiety and chooses not to live. After that, the aim is to help him face anxiety and understand its meaning. The final stop includes exploration of creative ways to rise above the challenges presented by existence, and finding the courage to live with anxiety constructively.Dave and I are at the first stage, analyse ways in which he avoids living. He neglects many aspects of life and escapes thoughts and coping by concentrating on career and money, which give him the illusion of security. He found ephemeral refuge from anxiety in further frames, such as marrying despite a terrible relationship and becoming religious. Religion gave him meaning and a set of rules to live by, freeing him from the burden of freedom. He fo llowed the Halacha2 strictly, with no room to maneuver.Dave also described always feeling distant from his family. When I asked for a specific storage of feeling that way, we started to touch upon the second stage- the meaning of anxiety. At the age of 7 he witnessed his father get electrocuted and fall off a ladder. This evoked thoughts of life without him, and since then, he kept distant. Dave was exposed to death and the loneliness that accompanies it at a young age, with no one to talk to and process his feelings with.My role as a therapist is to help Dave cope with the complexity of reality and accept the risks and anxieties involved in active living. Dave will hopefully find the courage to give up some sense of security and control for more freedom, and find further compromises between extremes. Hopefully, from the expansion of perspective and learning to deal resolutely with life and death, he will abandon his limiting symptom that resembles the security of prison.Conclusion According to a Freudian perspective, neurotic anxiety is disproportionate to the situation and should be eliminated. It involves repression and spin of reality that allows temporary security, but eventually tends to paralyze the individual. The source of anxiety is unconscious intra-psychic conflicts and drives, and Freud sees it as a sign of pathology, a psychological mechanism comprehendible in terms of cause and effect (Kirby, 2004, p.76). It is an abnormal state of mind and a result of a weak ego.Existentialists understand anxiety ontologically, as an unavoidable part of our being-in-the-world. It does not require repression, but rather should be embraced since it teaches us to open up to possibilities and find our own inner-voice. The human-being is not perceived mostly as driven, but as suffering and fearful, anxious in the face of awareness. The anxiety takes place not in ones inner-psychic world, but in his encounter with the external world. Hence, the healthful aim is no t working on defense mechanisms and inner forces, but expanding the clients perspective and relatedness to the world.It may seem tempting for both therapist and client to constrict on eliminating the symptom and supposedly getting rid of anxiety. However, Existentialists see this so called neurotic anxiety or pathological symptoms as trying to avoid existential anxiety. Since anxiety is a valuable source of information, we should encourage the client to learn what it can teach him, and not eagerly attempt to get rid of it with music for example. Out of recognizing and accepting the anxiety, the disturbing symptoms will hopefully stop. Tillich (2000) recognized that we should understand anxiety ontologically before we can help our clients deal with it on an ontic level. The aim is living as much as possible without neurotic anxiety, but with the ability to tolerate existential anxiety.

Culture in the Police Force

Culture in the Police ForceCulture is a way of life, different nations, different countries or even different families bind their own cultures. There is one occupational culture inside the law force, that what we called collect Culture. According to Reiner (2000), guard occupational cultures sess be specify as a sympathetic of sh are value, beliefs, norms, kick the bucketing practices, and informal rules, police officers will office these cultures to merelyify their works in their world. In this essay, we will talk ab forth the principal features and characteristics associated with toss off culture, also we will further discuss the main young critiques of the previous scholarly understandings of cop culture.Culture is the way of life which varies from place to place, or changes over period. It exists in many forms like, behaviors, attitude or norms, etc. gain vigor culture is an organizational culture within the police force, it is non the formal rules but still widel y mobilise within the force. These informal rules and share determine will non be published as written manuals. There will not have a ceremony to announce these rules, but when new-made recruits enter the system, during the recruitment and training period, they will be socialized and learn more or less the culture. New police officers are then engaged in spare-time activity the informal rules as they are all assumed to achieve the same goal. With this unavoidable socialization, police and cop culture are always closely interdependent. many an(prenominal) studies always part cop culture as the key debate in contemporary policing, it is because existence concerns that, police is the professionals in our society, their works involve hazard and risk. They are paid to protect the public safety and prevent crime, so they should take these responsibilities. Public expect and demand police officers the highest standard of work, but they do not truly understand the complexity of pol ice work. Working amidst this ambiguous gap, there is a need for police officers to work out a special way of life to sustain the whole system.Cop culture involves different underlying values, these whitethorn affect or guide the polices working behavior. It commode be seen as the reference for police to understand more about the way of work and the policing style of its organization, or we may say it is a kind a learning behavior. As many criminologists mostly concern about how the cop-culture shapes the ways in which officers use their judgement? we can make use of the police culture to further understand and interpret how the police use the discretion male monarch. (Westmarland, L, 2008) Discretion power takes an important role in the police role, police use this specific authorized power when they have to make decision for their operation. As we all know, it is impossible to implement the law fully, there still have differences amid law in practice and law in theory. We c annot write down every single case in a rule book, and ask the police officers to follow them strictly. In this case, police need to make good use of the knowledge learnt from the training school and experiences from the older officers as references. Police have to wait thousands of decision making process at their work, for example, whether to arrest or warn a careless driver. Discretion power provides them a wide range of methods to implement the law correctly. In this case, cop-culture may affect their perception about the criminal behavior or the criminals. Finally, it may change and control the results or even the evaluator directly.To combine different scholars studies about Cop culture, they tried to list a numerous of features to characterize cop-culture. They are a sense of mission, cynicism/pessimism, machismo, suspiciousness, sexual solidarity/social closing off and conservatism.Robert Reiner (2000 111-114) strongly emphasized the central feature of cop culture is a sense of mission. Police have a strong sense to protect the public and the weak, as it is not only their subscriber line but their way of life. They have strong commitment to this valuable work. About the cynicism/pessimism, it dominated the personalities of police officers. Because their work makes them the impression to dangerous conditions, they become mistrust to the public or even everyone. Machismo is a product of the masculine ethos of the force and the tension built up by the work (Jewkes, Y. Letherby, G., 2002 276), it is a very typical sketch in every police force. With a cult of masculinity and the strong and aggressive self- images, this has great influence power on their attitude and behaviors towards offenders, victims and crime.Moreover, Skolnick (1966) introduced other three main characteristics in making of cop culture, they are suspiciousness, internal solidarity linked with social isolation and conservatism. It is all started from the job nature of police, the work of police is closely link to danger and risk. With this nature, police firstly become more suspicious of everyone in the society, probably, they are trained to be suspicious as to stop the danger matters as soon as possible, suspicious manner thus lead to social isolation which includes isolation from families, friends or the mainstream of community. They may think that all the people except their colleagues do not understand their works. As internal solidarity is linked with social isolation, they will also be mutually reinforced. It is easily to understand that because of that external social isolation, they will become more rely on their working partners, they will feel that only police officers will know and support their works, and thus enhance their internal solidarity. Conservatism is related to the traditional image of police, as they are the authority figures which upholding strong genuine powers in the society, their working style will be conservative too. They wil l not be easily affected by other norms, such as they should not have any sympathies towards any crime related parties. Also, conservatism makes the police organizations lack of incentive to change and reforms. All of above features are not written as formal rules but they are all known by any police officers.According to Skolnick (1966), police view themselves as the safeguards of society, they are working in danger and they are required to be suspicious. They need to use their authorities to enforce the law as to protect the society. Within this framework, Skolnick (1966) pointed out the police always face a dilemma that we are working under pressure to achieve results in the form of law enforcement, but we are restricted by the rule of law to enforce the law Also, as their work are closely watched by the public every day ( Newburn. T Reiner. R, 2007 918), these give the police work greater pressures, and thus provide them an environment to rise up a set of unique culture for de aling with their works. And public may see this culture as deviant but it has been accepted and justified as normal in the cop-culture.Some other studies (Wortley, R, K., 1992) also noted racial prejudice as a feature of cop culture. It is shown that police are targeted a specific races as their policing target informally. They believe they are the authorized incorrupt judges in the community, so they are allowed to do some prejudge before the formal due-process. The important point is that they usually focus on the minorities and develop a certain unfair or discriminative attitude to deal with them.You may ask in what ways the police officers share these cop culture, and does it authentically so long-lasting? According to Andrew Brown (199526), culture is a product of historical process. When years and years pass, this has become a set of identical working style within the organization. Experiences are accumulated day by day, and become the history today. The shared norms and val ues are easily spread betwixt surgical incision and officers.However, many criminologists wrote to criticize the existence of cop-culture. Most of their studies focused on problem of races and gender discrimination, and it raised the public anxiety on police abuse of discretion power or even more serious problem like, miscarriage of justice. Different scholars had brought out their complaints about the cop-culture, and have advocated kind of reform to stop the spread and development of the cop-culture.Is that really so serious that we need to restrict this internal culture within the police organization? Some recent scholars like, Chan (1996) and Waddington (2004) started to look cop-culture with a different angles and paint a new picture for it. They challenged the previous scholars about their conception of the cop-culture.According to Police (mobile canteen) sub-culture an appreciation of Waddington, P.A.J (2004), he tried to offer us an alternative view of cop culture which op posed the previous scholars understanding and criticisms about cop-culture. Waddington(2004) give tongue to that it is only a canteen culture whereas we can do it as an oral phenomenon, he emphasized the differences between talk and action( Waddington, 2004 364), we do not need to pay too much attention on their individual(a) talks in such private backstage like canteens where far away from public. He argued that it is only an act of storytelling. In some case is that senior officers make use of the channel to share their war stories with some exaggerate manners. However, we should believe the professional training as those police officers have abilities to determine its humankind and decide whether to take it as reference or not.In addition, it can be a positive thing which provides them opportunity to express their emotions as they have already suffered from high pressure on their daily work. This police occupational culture also provides them an idea of spirit, it fosters a strong sense of cohesion between officers and thus enhances their working attitude. Officers believe that there is a mutual understanding which makes them find their own values within the organization and community. Waddington (2004 375) also described this canteen culture is simply developed by a condition of talking a good fight , officers just want to glorify themselves, it is also related to their personalities of machismo. The process of glorification can definitely increase their self-esteem which makes them work harder and more efficient as to achieve the same goal and to maintain their internal working spirit.Moreover, Waddington, P.A.J. (2004) argued that cop culture is just an in-group culture, it is unnecessary to link this with the problem of race or gender discrimination. Also, those characteristics are just the way of police lives, we should not comment it as negative or even to reform their way of lives. It is meaningless to concern about the talk aspect, or we should pay more attention on their action indeed.Another key critique about cop-culture is proposed by Janet Chan (1996) recently. She made 4 main criticisms about the previous conceptions about cop-culture and its abilities to explain cop-culture. Firstly, Reiner (1992 109) stated that the cop culture is not monolithic, universal nor changing. But Chan (1996) argued that the previous definitions are too simple and not universal. She concerns the failure of existing definitions of police culture to beak for internal differentiation and jurisdictional differences. (Chan, 1996 111) She stated that there must be different level of police sub-cultures inside the organization, but the previous scholars mostly just focus on the culture of road level, but they neglected the culture of management level. She criticized that the previous scholars could not provide a full definition and nationwide conditions of cop-culture.Secondly, Chan (1996) argued that police officers are not like what Reiner (1992 109) described as passive and being cultural dopes She also criticized Reiner did not make an detailed explanation about socialization of police officers. Every police officer has their own choice to decide whether absorb and transform the values, they will not follow those informal rules blindly. They can separate which are hero stories and which are real works and real world.Thirdly, Chan (1996 112) proposed that A theory of police culture must, therefore, situate culture in the policy-making and social context of policing. As the police is closely related to the society, it is impossible to extremely separated them. However, Chan (1996) found that the previous scholars failed to do this. No matter the street level and management level officers also need to respond to the public action. About those problems of injustice or corruption, police organization still have to react to these scandals.The final criticism is closely linked with the previous criticisms, according to Chan (1996112), an all-powerful, homogeneous and deterministic conception of the police culture insulated from the external environment leaves little place setting for a cultural change. She stated that the previous scholars were failed to examine the scope and possibilities for changing this cop-culture.Almost thirty years ago, people are started to pay attention on the police occupational culture which we named as cop culture nowadays. Police take an important role in our society, a minimal difference between their behaviors may result very differently. Most of the studies are focus on the street cop culture, especially those patrol officers. Cop culture is the shared values and norms within the police officers, although this culture will be varies from place to place, there are still some standard features in general. However, many scholars always defined cop culture as something negative and destructive to society. After a period of time, some current scholars argued that those previous criticisms about cop culture may not be correct in all cases, and made a newly and clear way for us to understand the concept about cop culture.

Re-Identifying God in Experience Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Rel

Re-Identifying idol in ExperienceABSTRACT If an alleged experience of God can cook up evidence for Gods existence, then it moldiness be possible for God to be a perceptual particular, that is, a substantive, enduring object of perception. Furthermore, if some(prenominal) such experiences are to be cumulative evidence for Gods existence, then it must be possible to reidentify God from experience to experience. I essay both a abstract and an epistemological argument against these possibilities that is derived from the work of Richard Gale. I argue that neither of these arguments is successful. For God to be a perceptual particular, he must have an inner life for God to be reidentified across experiences, he need not exist in dimensions analogous to the spatiotemporal. If an alleged experience of God is to provide evidence for Gods existence, it must be possible for God to be a perceptual particular a substantive, enduring object of perception. If several such experiences are to b e cumulative evidence for Gods existence, it must be possible to re-identify God from experience to experience. I want to examine arguments against each of these possibilities. These arguments are, respectively, a conceptual and an epistemological argument embedded in the writings of Richard Gale.(1)On Gales conceptual argument, for us to have a coherent concept of an object, O, as a perceptual particular (1) We must know what it means for O to exist when not perceived. (2) O must be able to be the common object of dissimilar experiences, and (3) We must be able to understand the distinction between numerical and qualitative identity with regard to O.We need these requirements to distinguish perceptual from phenomenal p... ...1) Richard Gale, On the Nature and Existence of God (Cambridge University Press), pp. 326-343, and Richard Gale, Why Alstons Mystical Doxastic Practice is Subjective, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 54 (1994), 869-875.(2) Why Alstons, p. 872. (3) P. F. Strawson, Individuals, An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics (London Methuen, 1964), p. 37.(4) Individuals, p. 81.(5) Individuals, p. 77.(6) Gareth Evans, Things Without the Mind - A gossip upon Chapter Two of Strawsons Individuals, in Zak Van Straaten, ed., Philosophical Subjects, Essays Presented to P.F. Strawson (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1980), pp. 76-116. (7) See Jonathan Bennett, Kants Analytic (Cambridge 1966), p. 37(8) See Evans, Things Without the Mind, pp. 81-82.(9) See Merold Westphal, God, Guilt, and Death (Bloomington Indiana University Press, 1984).

Urbanization and Human Influence Essay -- Environmental Geology Essays

Urbanization and Human InfluenceIt is estimated that by the year 2000, half the world population allow for live in urban environments (Porter and Brown, 1996). The US Bureau of the Census defines an atomic number 18a as being urbanized if a central city and its closely settled surrounding rule are of a certain size with 50,000 people and density of at least 1,000 people per square mile (Knox, 1994). A component of the definition denotes that military man influence is a main aspect of urbanized areas in the process of urbanization. Unfortunately in order to create an urbanized area, a natural environment must be destroyed. Urbanization and human activity within an urban system produces many destructive and irreversible effects on natural environments such(prenominal) as climate change, air pollution, sediment and soil erosion, increased flooding magnitude, and loss of habitat. Cities in an urban environment change the local climate dramatically. Temperatures are always warmer in t he city than it is in the surrounding areas creating a sort of heat-island (Harms, 1994). In a city, the suns energy is not apply in the same way as in open landscapes with vegetation and trees. Concrete, stone, asphalt, and roofs tend to act as solar collectors and emit and absorb heat. The burning of fogy fuels similarly emit greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide that heat up the atmosphere around the source and usually the source is within urban environments. Cities also tend to be cloudier, rainier, and less humid than their surrounding areas. Cities are 10 percent rainier and 10 percent cloudier and have a 25 percent put down average wind speed, 30 percent more summer fog, and 100 percent more winter fog than nonurban areas (Keller, 1996). Average relative humidity is half-dozen percent... ...an up and rebuild cities in balance with nature (Merrifield and Swyngedouw, 1997) rather than destroy natural environments. With more and more people living and moving to cities, the p roblem will extend beyond existing boundaries and result in more damage to the natural environment. The effects of urbanization on the environment are permanent and great and urban policy must change in order to save what is left in the natural world. Literature CitedHarms, Valerie. 1994. The National Audubon Society Almanac of the Environment. G.P. Putnams Sons New York Keller, Edward A. 1996. Environmental Geology. Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River. Merrifield, Andy and Erik Swygedouw. 1997. The Urbanization of Injustice. New York University Press New York. Porter, Gareth and Janet Welsh Brown. 1996. Global Environmental Politics. Westview Press Boulder.

Abortion Essay -- Increase Abortion Availability

Should spontaneous abortion be allowed in the unify States? If so, then at a lower place what circumstances? abortion has been one of the most hotly debated topics in the U.S. for more than a century. This paper explores the history and international use of abortion, as well as the empirical and moral claims made by both sides of the issue. We will also examine the key positions taken on abortion and look at those affected by it. Based on extensive seek and analysis, this paper will recommend that the government increase abortion funding and availability.Abortion HistoryAbortion has been around since the earliest times. The first recorded abortion recipe dates back to 2600 B.C. (History of Abortion). Ancient societies supported abortion as a means of controlling the population (Abortion in Law, History, and devotion). The first known abortion regulation was outlined in 4th century A.D. when St. Augustine declared Catholic law to allow abortion up to 80 days for the fema le fetus and 40 days for the male fetus (History of Abortion). However, in 1588 Pope Sixtus publicly forbade all abortions (History of Abortion). One of the first countries to outlaw abortion by law, Great Britain, declared abortion a misdemeanor in 1803 (History of Abortion). In the United States, abortion laws began to appear in the nineteenth century (Abortion in Law, History, and Religion). globe and legal attitudes toward abortion have significantly changed in the States since 1800. Women in the early 1800s rarely sought abortion, even though legal restriction to obtain an abortion was almost non-existent (Sauer). Until the mid-nineteenth century, first trimester abortions were legal under common law (Abortion in Law, History, and Religio... ...quest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=36&did=000000010987507&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=4&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1080408602&clientId=60765. scholarly primary print via the internet irresponsibleYishai, Yael. Public Ideas and P ublic Policy Abortion Politics in Four Democracies. Comparative Politics, Vol. 25, No. 2. (Jan., 2013), pp. 207-228. Web. 1 May 2015.. primary scholarly print via internet authoritativeZhou, W., et al. Risk of Spontaneous Abortion Following Induce Abortion. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Jan. 2010. Web. 1 May 2015.. scholarly primary print via the internet authoritative

Biography Of Genghis Khan :: Biography Genghis Khan Bio Bios Essays

Biography of Genghis KhanThe old world had more great leaders. horse parsley the Great, Hannibal and even Julius Caesar met with struggle on their rise to power. Perhaps Genghis Khan was the most significant of all these rulers. To prove that Genghis Khan was the greatest ruler, we must go certify to the real beginning of his existence. We must examine such issues as Genghiss struggle for power/how his life as a child would affect his rule, his personalized and military achievements and his conquests.Genghis Khan was originally born as Temujin in 1167. He showed early promise as a leader and a fighter. By 1206, an assembly of Mongolian masters proclaimed him Genghis Khan. Which meant Universal or invincible prince. This was a bold move for the assembly. They obviously saw some leadership qualities in Genghis that others didnt. When Genghis Khan was little, his chieftain father poisoned. With no leader left, the tribe abandoned Genghis and his mother. They were left alone for ma ny years to care for themselves. Throughout these years, his family met many hardships such as paucity of food and shortage of money. Though unable to read, Genghis was a very wise man. His mother told him at a very early age the importance of curse and independence. Remember, you have no companions but your shadow Grolier Encyclopedia. (1995) CD ROMThis quote was to mean to Genghis, dont put to much faith in anyone, trust no one but yourself and if you must go your own way then do so. In 1206, Genghis Khan proclaimed the ruler of Mongolia. Genghis was a very respected leader. Like other leaders he knew what his people wanted. They want everything that is good and nothing that is bad. Genghis knew he could not promise this so instead he pledged to share both the sweet and the bitter of life. Genghis did not want to end up being poisoned like his father so instead he made alliances, and attacked anyone who posed a serious threat. Through this method of leadership, Genghiss army gr ew to the point where they were unbeatable.Genghis contributed alot of items to the chinese and even western civilizations. Perhaps his greatest parcel was a code of laws that he declared. Since Genghis couldnt read or write, these law were documented by one of his followers. His laws were carried on by people though the many generations to the point of still being in use

Gun Control in America Today Essay -- Guns Weapons Violence Crime Essa

During the Vietnam War, more than twice as many Americans were killed with firearms in the U.S. than died in combat. Today, firearms are used in approximately 65% of the 11,000 homicides a year. Suicides are carried out via a gun 57% of the 16,600 a year (GunCite 49). These statistics pose the question, Would there be that many fewer deaths if guns were banned altogether? Or would these deaths occur just the same but by other means? Studies on both a local and a national level remove shown that the majority of murders are committed by those with previous criminal records. The crimes of passion are not very common rather, most murders are planned and so would occur no matter what weapon is to be used (GunCite 49). However, controlling the guns in America is equable an issue that needs to be addressed. Banning guns only is not what should be done, however if the government controls guns by other means, then crime will be reduced yet many Americans will still have them to use in recreation and in self defense. The Second Amendment of the Bill of safe in the United States Constitution says A hearty correct militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. This statement has been meeted two very different ways over the years. The Americans that favor strict gun control have come to the conclusion that this amendment guarantees the right of the states to own firearms. They believe the forefathers of the Constitution cherished to guarantee every state the right to keep and bear firearms, in order to defend against the federal government, should it try to possess too much power. The well regulated militia, they say, refers to state troops using state-supplied firearms, such as the National Guard or the Naval Militia. They believe that the Second Amendment was just another start up of the checks and balances built into the American government. One strength this viewpoint h as is that while the Supreme Court has never made a direct ruling on how to interpret the Second Amendment, it has never stuck down any gun-control law as being unconstitutional under the Second Amendment (Beard and Rand 224).Americans that are against gun control interpret this amendment in a very different manner. While they do not dispute that every state has the right to keep and bea... ...iewpoints. Ed. William Dudley. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1989.GunCite http//www.guncite.com. 8 December 2002.Halbrook, Stephen P. An Individual Right shame and Criminals Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. William Dudley. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1989.Kopel, David B. Guns Are Necessary for Self-Defense Crime and Criminals Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. William Dudley. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1989.National Rifle Association. Gun Control Violates the Constitution Crime and Criminals Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. William Dudley. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1989.Schwerin, Ursula. The much Guns, the More Vio lence Crime and Criminals Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. William Dudley. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1989.Vaughn, Jerry. Guns Difficult to Use Crime and Criminals Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. William Dudley. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1989.Wright, James D. Gun Control Would Not Reduce Crime Crime and Criminals Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. William Dudley. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1989.Zimring, Franklin E. and Gordon Hawkins. Guns Should Not Be Used for Self-Defense Crime and Criminals Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. William Dudley. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1989.