Person Values To The Work Of Social Care Social Work Essay Example

Person Values To The Work Of Social Care Social Work Essay Example Person Values To The Work Of Social Care Social Work Essay Person Values To The Work Of Social Care Social Work Essay work values mean liberty, dedication, teamwork, fight, trustiness, dependability, professionalism, moralss etc. Autonomy means experiencing relaxed and confident. It is cosmopolitan truth that if anyone fell relaxed, aspiration, and confident so she or he can play a really good function in work. Another thing is teamwork. It is ever better than individual work. Dedication has a positive impact every bit good. Making favour to person is called dedication. Health and societal attention is chiefly related to co-operation and co-ordination between the employees and clients. For blink of an eye, an employee may non able to manage heavy things. So, in that instance if anyone helps him to carry through his undertaking that is called dedication. It improves work result every bit good. Trustworthiness and dependability are the two chief beginnings of work effectivity ( Holloway Wheeler, 2002 ) . If the employees trust one another, they can work with free from tenseness. Because they know whatever the colleagues are making are right. Besides, they should be dependable so that staff can acquire aid from them whenever it is required. Harmonizing to Allison ( 2001 ) and Posner ( n.d. ) , professionalism has a important consequence in work part in wellness and societal attention. If professionals forget about their function and get down doing close relationship with clients, so it brings really negative result for the staff. They may be penalized for interrupting organisational jurisprudence. Sometimes, they chat with their colleagues disregarding the service users. But those follow the professionalism regulations, can neer make such sorts of things. As a consequence, clients will be happy and work result will be increased significantly. Therefore, proffesioanlism influences part to work. Litman ( 2009 ) has stated that economic values may include ownership of belongings, lending to common good etc. This value means the value around money. Harmonizing to some people, this is the most of import value for work part because if the employees are paid soundly, so they must seek to give their best. In contrary, if their outlooks are non fulfilled, they must non give their best. Religious values are the other of import values. Harmonizing to Cooper Palmer ( 1998 ) , these are religious values, which means how we should act, including lovingness of one another and in worship. Religion positions have one of the most important effects to work part. For illustration, harmonizing to Muslim Torahs, if you do non seek to give your best to your employer, so you will be penalised by your God. So, those people who have respect on their faith, they will ever seek to make better in work. Thus faith values can act upon work parts. Harmonizing to McPartland ( 1991 ) , rules are the policy, aims, regulations, cardinal norms, or value that province what are the function of an person, or an organisation, or a community. It besides makes a differentiation between equity and unfairness. So, it can act upon work part every bit good. Some people may hold rules which may be straight opposite to organisational rules. For blink of an eye, if a conservative Buddhist is told to function a non-Buddhist client, he/she may non give positive response and it will impact work part negatively. On the other manus, if an unfastened minded Christian is told to something that is work related, they will make with 100 % positive attitude. Therefore, rules influence workplace part in wellness and societal attention. 1.2 Analyse how your ain cultural values and beliefs act upon your work in support and attention of service users in your work topographic point. Harmonizing to Kitayama Cohen ( 2007 ) and ODonnell ( 2001 ) , different cultural values and beliefs impact support and attention of service users in workplace otherwise. Valuess and rules include equal rights, diverseness, confidentiality, protection from maltreatment and injury. In add-on, personal values are beliefs and penchants, civilization, political positions, involvements and precedences, alteration over lifetime to day of the month etc. I have my ain civilization and beliefs which besides influence the attention of the service users. For case, I am non either vegetarian or non-vegetarian. I take all types of dishes which are halal because I am a Muslim. So, I may non be interested to function those people who will eat much haram dishes. But, in the same clip I may supply a better service than a Buddhist. The ground of that is most of the Buddhists are non-vegetarian and they are non willing to function the people who deserve meats. My civilization and value has taught me to handle every individual every bit. It has besides taught me to give grownup people their freedom. So, I will non know apart any people. Peoples from any background are same to me. So, I can supply them a good service. 1.3 Explain how development of new precedences marks and statute law impact upon your function as a attention worker. There are a few new developments in statute laws, precedences, research, policies, rules and values that can impact upon my function as a attention worker. For illustration, Sex Discrimination Act 1975, The Carers ( Recognition and Services ) Act 1995, The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000, The Carers ( Equal Opportunities ) Act 2004, Disabled Persons Act 1986, Human Rights Act 19980, The Work and Families Act 2006, The Children and Young Persons Act 2008, Care and Support Green Paper, are the statute laws and precedences that impact upon my function. Sex Discrimination Act 1975 states that it is improper for an employee to know apart anyone because of their sex. The Carers ( Recognition and Services ) Act 1995 has given a legal position and some rights to carers. Carers are requested to measure their ability of work under this act. So, as a carer now I do self-assessment and inform it to local council and they take necessary stairss. The Carers ( Equal Opportunities ) Act 2004 i s really necessary for all the carers as it ensures their rights. Harmonizing to this act, authorized people have to measure their demands, give precedence to their wants, and supply developing whenever they need. It besides facilitated co-operation between attention workers and governments in relation to the services. The authorities has late prepared green paper where attention and support system will be mentioned. Besides, the authorities has given carers to show their sentiment. In add-on, they have engaged all the carers, stakeholders, service users, stockholders and members of the populace to give their positions to better attention programs. So, now I can portion everything related to occupation with authorised individuals and work with free of fuss. Thus these precedences and statute laws impact upon my function as a attention worker. 1.4 Discuss how the alterations in personal values have contributed to your personal development Pavlina ( 2008 ) has cited that the alterations in personal values and rules have contributed a batch in personal development. For illustration, if I change my beliefs and penchants so it affects the service users. I used to believe that functioning the sapphic or cheery or people who are non from my background are non good. But when I can come to cognize the statute laws and alter my beliefs so I can function them every bit good and that is a portion of my personal development. As an Asiatic my civilization is different from European civilization. So, while functioning clients I may hold to confront trouble as I do nt cognize their civilization really good. But when I will be cognizant of their civilization and positions so I can present a better service because my cultural value will be changed that clip. Thus the alterations in personal values have contributed to my personal development. Produce, proctor, revision and measure programs for personal advancement in developing the accomplishments and abilities required of a attention worker 2.1 Assess your ain preferable acquisition manner and abilities As a attention worker personal advancement is really of import as it is related to the accomplishments and abilities. Harmonizing to Jonassen Grabowsk ( 1993 ) , preferable acquisition manner and abilities vary from individual to individual. Kolb s ( 1984 ) states that, larning manner can be concrete experience ( experiencing ) , diverging ( experiencing and ticker ) , suiting ( experiencing and making ) , active experimentation ( making ) , brooding observation ( watching ) , absorbing ( believing and watching ) , and abstract conceptualisation ( believing ) . Learning from experience from outside universe can be categorized as absorbing larning manner. But normally people can larn four ways and those are watching, listening, composing, and reading. This is called lingual acquisition method. Basically I prefer to larn in all ways but it depends what am I larning? For illustration, if I want to larn how to supply a better service to the service users so I prefer to larn it by lingual manner and so by absorbing and suiting because by this manner I can read, watch, experience and believe that I am making. Then I have to make that practically. I can take notes as good if I want. The ground of that is there are certain things of larning where practical acquisition is more of import than theoretical acquisition. After that I like to larn by composing and reading. There are a few things where it seems that easy after reading. But after some clip I may bury that because merely reading can non excite the memory cells most efficaciously. So to excite the memory cells efficaciously, I need to larn by composing as it stimulates my memory cells better than reading. I miss much information while larning by listening. A diagram of my learning manner is given below: Reading-Writing-Diverging -Accommodating- absorbing 2.2 Produce and warrant a personal development program with short-medium-and long term purposes and Outcome Gallen and Buckle ( 2001 ) has noted that geting new accomplishments, updating pattern, larning, calling development etc are the chief parts of personal development. Harmonizing to them, personal Development Plan ( PDP ) is of import for all types of people whatever they are employee or employer or pupil. As a attention worker or a as pupil of Health and Social attention direction personal development program is critical for me. It can be short term, long term, short-medium-and long term purposes. My personal development program with short-medium and long term purposes can be larning IT skills, being well-disciplined, bettering presentation accomplishments, dialogue policy, larning human resource direction, larning people psychological science, different types of Acts of the Apostless and statute laws related to wellness and societal attention, doing effectual determination, geting cognition about medical specialty, bettering leading accomplishments and developing communicating accomplishments. IT accomplishment: At this epoch information engineering is the most of import thing to larn as it has an effectual impact in Health and Social attention direction. Without larning IT skills none can make in a good degree of their calling. In add-on, this subdivision is huge every bit good. So I have to pass a long clip to be efficient of this subdivision. Now-a-days all information are saved and managed by computing machines. In add-on, in some instances, computing machines can be used to name the job of the service users. I need to larn about scheduling, Microsoft word, Microsoft excel, power point, pulling good diagrams, showing power point slides etc. Negotiation policy: this is the country where I must necessitate to better. For illustration, when my director will state me you are traveling to be paid this sum of money for your occupation so I have negotiate with him if I am non satisfied. I have to demo him/her the grounds as good why I should be paid more. This is of import as money has an influence of employee s outlook and employee with good outlook can supply good service. Presentation accomplishments: as a societal worker I should hold good presentation skill what I do nt hold at all. If I can non show anything clearly to the service users so many misconstruing will take topographic point. So, I have to avoid this. It is non possible to better presentation accomplishments by twenty-four hours dark. So, I will make a long term program to better my presentation accomplishments. My personal development program and its results are shown below in the tabular array: Development country Manner Duration Result Information engineering Long term 5 twelvemonth Be able to maintain records right, create necessary soft wares if necessary. Presentation accomplishments Long term 1 twelvemonth Make clients understand what services they are traveling to acquire Negotiation policy Short term 3 month Ensured self improvement Human resource direction Short-medium term 3 month Pull offing human resource Law, statute law and Acts of the Apostless Long term 5 old ages Be able to cover with ailments and drama by regulations. Leadership accomplishments Short medium 3 months Leading efficaciously. Decision devising Average term 1 twelvemonth Be able to take right determination. 2.3 Discuss the agreements to supervise the advancement of your personal development program. The advancement of my personal development plan can be monitored by the result and occupation public presentations. For illustration, if I take IT and leading accomplishment as my personal development program so it can be monitored by my record maintaining accomplishments, salvaging patients informations, managing electronic devices etc. leading accomplishments can be monitored by the manner I am pull offing people. For illustration, if hundred employees work under me I have to pull off all of them expeditiously where of all time they are from or who of all time they are. In add-on, my advancement can be monitored by public presentation assessment. 2.4 Evaluate your personal development program in context with your responsibilities as a attention worker Bild Pountney ( 2007 ) have shown the necessity of personal development program of a attention worker. So, as a attention worker my personal development program is really of import. IT skills and determination devising were included in my personal development program. As a attention worker cognition about IT helped me to maintain all medical records digitally. I could happen out information from computing machine or any electronic devices rapidly. Decision devising was another of import thing. For illustration, if any frail client Tells me he can non travel and take a breath decently. Besides, he does non cognize what happened to him last dark. But so far, he knows he did non take any nutrient last dark. In that state of affairs, I am to take speedy determination otherwise something can go on earnestly. So, in context with my responsibilities as a attention worker these are indispensable to include as my personal development program ( PDP ) . Analyse the application of rules of professional battle with service users in a specific scene 3.1 Analyse the nature of different professional relationships in wellness and societal attention context Harmonizing to Fritz Omdahl ( 2006 ) , professional relationship is a procedure by which staffs make relationship with persons, service users household and friends, workers with other bureaus, co-workers or any authorised individuals related to wellness and societal attention. Normally, it is focused on some specific rules of an organisation. The natures of professional relationships are described below: Relationship with service users: All the service users should be respected as single and service users with no mental job can take any services those are required. Service suppliers are entitled to supply appropriate attention to clients without any fuss. In add-on, health care professionals are non allowed to know apart anyone while supplying service. Carers, physicians, societal workers or any healthcare professionals must guarantee service users confidentiality. They are non allowed to unwrap any information to anyone unless it harms to their clients. Every wellness attention specializers, carers or service users will guarantee the full liberty of their clients. Battle with colleagues: A good apprehension and work relationship among the staff must be established so that they can work as a squad. Martin et Al ( 2009 ) have stated that, teamwork ever ensures good result of work. Health attention staff, societal workers, carers will portion their positions and cognition with everyone which are related to occupation to supply better service. Every staff will esteem other civilizations and may accept the good cognition from them. Employers and service suppliers will work together to maintain a workplace with no favoritism, torment, bully etc. Everyone will work together to maintain a safe workplace. They will do a work relationship among them but non more than that similar emotional relationship. this can harm battle among the employees. 3.2 Analyse effectivity of different theoretical accounts of care/support in wellness and societal attention scenes Harmonizing to Heller et Al ( 1999 ) , wellness attention services can be provided by assorted theoretical accounts e.g. bio-medical model/conventional medical theoretical account, bio-psycosocial theoretical account, traditional societal attention theoretical account, NHS societal attention theoretical account etc. But in the UK wellness attention services are traditionally delivered by bio-medical theoretical account. Every theoretical account has peculiar effectivity for supplying wellness attention which are described below: Harmonizing to Srivastava ( 2007 ) , effectveness of conventional medical theoretical account: Supports are available in footings of health care as conventional medical theoretical account is formed by the footing of NHS and western wellness attention systems. Protecting unwellness and disablement becomes easier as wellness services are chiefly geared towards handling the ill and handicapped people. A high value can be ensured in footings of specializer medical services particularly in institutional scene or clinics. This theoretical account gives a opportunity to carry on medical research efficaciously. Effectiveness of bio-psychological theoretical account: In 1986 Kleinman and Good have stated that bio-psychological theoretical account focuses on the psychological, emotional, societal and mental job. As a consequence, experts can place service users mental demands efficaciously. It recognizes that disease or unwellness can be neither studied nor treated in isolation from societal and cultural environment. It considers the links between socioeconomic want and inauspicious wellness vitamin E g bettering entree to wellness attention and cut downing wellness inequalities. Effectiveness of tradtional societal attention theoretical account ( harmonizing to Leira, 2002 ) : It ever priorotse the vulnearable groups so that they can acquire aid from the service suppliers without any fuss at any clip. Service users and their administrations are to the full involved in the development and even bringing of services. It besides empower the people. Effectiveness of the NHS societal attention theoretical account: Glasby Littlechild ( 2004 ) has shown that NHS societal attention theoretical account ever prioritizes the betterment of attention for people with long term conditions. This theoretical account will assist to guarantee wellness and societal attention administrations take an overall structured and systematic attack to bettering the attention of those long term conditions The immediate focal point should be the debut of instance direction for the most vulnerable people with complex long term conditions so that long term infirmary admittances can be reduced. It aims to accomplish early sensing, good control to understate effects of disease and cut down complications, better effectual medical specialty direction. It besides promotes independency, empowers patients and allows them to take control of their lives. Overally, it improves patients quality of life. 3.3 Critically analyse ain function in advancing person s pick, ability and right to care for and protect themselves Harmonizing to Bradley et Al ( 2009 ) , ain function is really of import in wellness and societal attention workplaces to advance person s pick, ability, right and to protect the service users. The lists of my programs are given below to implement these things: As a societal attention worker I will must protect the rights and advance the involvement of service users. This means I will Treat every individual as an person, Respect their privateness and advance the single positions and wants of both service users and carers. In add-on, I will advance equal chances, Respect diverseness and different civilizations and values for service users and carers. I must endeavor to set up and keep trust and assurance of service users and carers. It includes to be honest, trusty, Communicating in an appropriate, unfastened, accurate and straightforward manner with the co-workers and clients. In add-on, I will be relieable and dependent, honouring to service users and carers. Besides, I will be adhering to policies and processs about accepting gifts and money from service users and carers. I will advance the independency of service users while protecting them from dangers. It means Using established procedures to dispute and describe unsafe, opprobrious and prejudiced or exploitatory behaviour and pattern. I will inquire them to give their sentiments because people normally feel of import if anyone asks about their pick or want. I may place their emotional demands as good by this manner. I will speak to the service users heartily about their concerns and involvements so that they can show what they want. So, I can be cognizant of them and can protect them. ( Cadmium lesson 3, page 7, small spot ) 3.4 Analyze the quandary that may originate in professional relationships and how you would cover with them In 2005, Tribe Morrissey have noted that, tonss of quandary can originate in professional relationship e.g. maltreatment, moralss, disputing behaviour, hazard, struggles between values and rules, confidentiality vs. revelation, values of others etc. For illustration, ethical quandary can originate often in professional relationship. it means people can non understand really what to make. Though sometimes they are able to take a determination, many inquiries arise like is it right that is done? Normally, there are two types of ethical quandary and one is the Right to Accept or decline intervention and other one is the Patient Bill of Right. A patient with no mental job can take his medical determination. They have right to take whther they will accept decease or life. But as a medical professional his/her responsibility is to guarantee client s wellbeing or salvage life. So, this is an ethical quandary. But most of the instances, it is suggested to give precedence of the client s want. Another quandary can originate in footings of guaranting client s confidentiality and revelation of any information. For blink of an eye, if a attention service user state his/her carer like this, I want to state you something if do non unwrap it. After that the carer can come to cognize that his/her clint is being abused by another carer. By that instance, he/she should infrom it to an authorised individual to protect the client from maltreatment but she/he is already told non to unwrap it. So, quandary can originate between confidentiality and revelation by this manner. In this instance, the carer should state it to an authorised individual to protect the client from maltreatment and to guarantee safe-guarding and well-being. 1000 words 4.1 Evaluate ain part to your work squad Bradley et Al ( 2009 ) and Leathard ( 2003 ) have mentioned that in wellness and societal attention every person s public presentation is really of import. My ain parts as a societal attention worker are evaluated below: In my workplace I ever inform my co-workers about my activities to an appropriate degree of item. I ever behave in such a manner so that it supports the squad to be more effectual. It means my actions, address, linguistic communication, organic structure linguistic communication, gestures, written and verbal communications are ever polite. I am efficient in computing machine accomplishments. So, I can manage all the electrical informations. I portion my positions, thoughts and information relevant to occupation with squad members. I besides accept other s thoughts and information to do squad work drum sander. I ever offer helper in a friendly and helpful manner whenever it is required. I suggest clearly if I have any better thought to better squad work at an appropriate clip. 4.2 Discuss how your part influence the effectivity of the squads of which you are a member. Harmonizing to West ( 2004 ) and Snee ( n.d. ) , part of every person has an influence of the effectivity in a squad. My part besides influences the effectivity of squad work in assorted ways. For illustration, I know about the Legislations, Policies and Good Practices which are relevant to wellness and societal attention. So, I can supply a really good service to the clients. Furthermore, my co-workers frequently are benefitted by me. As a consequence, teamwork becomes developed. in add-on, I can pass on in a effectual manner with my chaps. So that, tonss of misinterpretation, ambiguity, struggle, backstabbing, and misgiving can be avoided which influence the effectivity of squad work. I have a clear thought about the function of single. So, I can stipulate their functions and they can perfrom harmonizing to that and it increases squad result significantly. In add-on, I am cognizant of different civilizations and values and I act in a manner what they want. Harmonizing toaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . it inspires teammates which are another root of effectual teamwork. I have really good leading accomplishments and it helps to take my co-workers. Time direction is one of the most important accomplishments that I have. So, I do my occupation in clip and I suggest other people to follow me. They besides follow me which influences squad effectivity. Therefore my parts influence the effectivity of the squad. 4.3 Describe the bounds of your work function and how these impact on your work with others Harmonizing to Heron ( 1998 ) , every employee has restrictions of their functions and duty and these are influenced by others. As a attention direction trainee I have some restrictions as good. For illustration, I am non allowed give any new medicine to a service user at any status. In add-on, as I work in direction place, I should non affect in attention work. I am non allowed to garner any personal information both of co-workers and clients. I should non manage their paperss which are supposed to manage by their attorneies. Failing to make any of these has really negative result of single function. Colleagues may non swear and esteem. Besides, employees may non listen to me and I can be frustrated. As a consequence, work result can be reduced aggressively. 4.4 Analyse the barriers for effectual squad working and how you would lend minimising such barrier. West ( 2004 ) and Snee ( n.d. ) notes that effectual teamwork is really of import in every domain of work and there are tonss of barriers of effectual squad work. For blink of an eye, hapless leading, interpersonal interactions, hapless communicating, professional codifications, hapless squad kineticss, high outlooks, different precedences, deficiency of trust, silo thought, force per unit area of high answerability can be the barriers of effectual teamwork. In the same clip, there are many ways every bit good by which societal workers can minimise these barriers. As a societal attention worker I am required to work with my co-workers every bit good as assorted professionals and it is a day-to-day happening for me. These professionals could be physicians, nurses, physical therapists, occupational healers research lab technicians and druggists and many other professions. My co-workers and they may be from different civilizations and they have different values. So, at the get downing degree of occupation all people need to portion their positions and cognition and it wastes tonss of clip. Leadership has a great impact of squad working because about everything flows from here. It is leader s mistake if a squad can non execute in proper manner. The grounds can be non adequate communicating among the employees or deficiency of proper counsel. Sometimes, leaders fail to stipulate of person s docket. So, squad members are non cognizant of their functions and can non execute good which cut down the productiveness of squad work. Poor communicating and high outlooks are the other barriers of effectual squad work. These cause tonss of misinterpretation, ambiguity, struggle, backstabbing, and misgiving among the employees. Employees have to work under emphasis every bit good if they have to carry through higher outlook. Survey from Anon ( n.d. ) has shown that, hapless squad kineticss can do dislocation of squad kineticss and squad can neglect to accomplish their ends. Besides, absenteeism of employees

Salem witch trails Essay

Salem witch trails Essay Salem witch trails Essay David Saldivar Dr. Michael Faubion History 2313.01 05 November 2014 Salem Witch Trials Essay Throughout history various events have struck the foundation of humanity in many ways. One such event know as The Salem Witch Trials, had many people in various communities in turmoil. It started in 1692, in a small village named Salem, were residents were experiencing bizarre symptoms that no physician could medically explain at the time. Since most of the early settlers were religious folk and believed that any misfortunes in the village could be attributed to the work of the devil, they had come to a conclusion that witchcraft had stricken Salem. Many of the cases in Salem were merely false accusations, but almost all had resulted in various examinations and in many cases individuals were put to death. Although Salem was not the first settlement to showcase witchcraft one record states that the children of John Goodwin in Boston were plagued by unknown causes. The children all had the same pains in the exact spot at the same time, and had several fits that could not be explained. Cotton Mather stated â€Å"Skilful physicians were consulted for their help, and particularly our worthy and prudent friend Dr. Thomas Oakes, who found himself so affronted [non-plussed] by the distempers of the children, that he concluded nothing but an hellish witchcraft could be the original [origin] of these maladies.†1 Mr. Goodwin had accused a woman by the name of Glover, he had no real evidence she was the cause of his children’s fits, but was taken into custody on the account of how wretched she looked. They took her into custody and questioned her, she did not deny the interest of enchanting the children and had a suspicious behavior while apprehended. They concluded she was the cau se of the children’s mishaps and was sentenced to death. One early case in Salem, was the daughter and niece of Mr. Samuel Parris who were the first to experience unnatural behavior. These children were bitten and pinched by invisible agents; their arms, neck, and backs turned his way and that way, and returned back again, so as it was impossible for them to do of themselves, and beyond the power of any epileptic fits, or natural disease to effect.2During the fits of the children they would cry out the name of their servant Tituba, and therefore accused her of bewitching them. Tituba had confessed to taking urine of the afflicted person and using it to make a cake.

This is an individual assignment in two parts (1 and 2). Part 1 - 1

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Economies of Asia Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Linguistics and their realationship to Teaching Essay Example for Free

Linguistics and their realationship to Teaching Essay Abstract This paper is an attempt to analyze the relationship between linguistics and language teaching. Linguistics is a science and teaching while technical is also an art yet they are closely related to each other in the case of language teaching. The foreign language teachers need to include selection, grading and presentation as their main steps. Linguistics plays an important role in the whole process of teaching by helping to facilitate a teachers understanding of the workings and systems of the language they teach. Applied Linguistics is really about the melding of these 2 actions. The Relationship between Linguistics and Language Teaching. Linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language. Linguistics is then divided into several branches which study different accepts of its use. Descriptive linguistics, historical and comparative linguistics, which it is based on methodology. Synchronic and Diachronic linguistics, which it is based on the aspect of changes over time. Phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics, which is based on a language as a system. Sociolinguistics this is related to or combined with the disciplines of linguistics and sociology. Its interest is in the relationship between language and society. It works to explains why people Use different speech in different social contexts. It’s area of study is the social functions of language to convey social meaning. The social relationships in a community, and the way people signal aspects of their social identity through their language (Jenet Holmes, 2001). Sociolinguistics also is concerned with the interaction of language and settings. (Carol M. Eastman, 1975; 113). The other expert defines it as the study that is concerned with investigating the relationship between language and society with the goal of a better  understanding of the structure of language and of how languages function in communication ( Ronald Wardhaugh, 1986 : 12) Psycholinguistics relates to the combined disciplines of psychology and linguistics. Psychology is defined as the systematic study of human experience and behavior or as the science that studies the behavior of men and other animals. Knight and Hilgert in Abu Ahmadi,(1992). It covers language development. (Lim Kiat Boey). The other definition of psycholinguistics is that it is the study of human language-to-language comprehension, language production, and language acquisition (E. M. Hatch). The research done on the relationship between linguistic theory and language teaching can be traced back to the late 19th century. Its relationship has been discussed and debated for many years and researched extensively. Since this time different research proposed by different scholars has been disputable and found to be largely inconclusive. In the 1960s it was decided that there needed to be a reassessment. The conclusion that was formed went in two two main directions of thought with differing points of view. One viewpoint was that linguistics is not as relevant as it was first thought to be, and its importance was overrated. Such linguists as Lamendella (1969) and Johnson (1967) expressed their disagreement to regard linguistics as the basis of a strategy of learning. Lamendella (1969) thought that it was a mistake to look to transformational grammar or any other theory of linguistic description to provide the theoretical basis for second language pedagogy. What is needed in the field of language teaching are not applied linguists but rather applied psychologists. The other point of view was to recognize that the general contribution of linguistics was important. This came though with a proviso that teaching language was not to be bound to only follow one theory alone. The idea being that different linguistic theories can offer different perspectives on language, and they can all be treated as equivalent resources useful for teaching. Levenson (1979 ) once said, ‘no one school of linguistic analysis has a monopoly of truth in the description of the phenomena of speech†¦traditional school grammar, TG grammar, †¦all these and more can be shown to have their own particular relevance to the language teaching situation. By1960 the United States, reached its peak of the influence of structural linguistics upon language Teaching. Structural linguistics stressed the importance of language as a system and investigates the place that linguistic units such as sounds, words and sentences have within this system. This then associated with behaviorism provided the principal theoretical basis of the audio lingual theory. This then influenced language teaching materials, techniques and the teachers educations. Behaviorism led to theories, which explained how an external event, causes a change in the behavior, without any kind of mental interaction. It also stressed the importance of repetition and practice in learning a second language, this I think is a vital factor in learning a foreign language. If we look at the audio-lingual method, it emphasizes: (1) The teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing; (2) The use of dialogues and drills; (3) The avoidance of the use of the mother tongue in the classroom. Audio-lingual method regards speaking and listening as the basic skills, this is in line with today’s English teaching situation. The Mentalist Approach In the 1960s Chomsky formulated the mentalist approach. The hypothesis was considered that human behavior is much more complex than animal behavior. Chomsky, felt that we are born with a Language Acquisition Device (LAD), which enables a child to make a hypotheses about the structures of a language in general, and also the structure of the language being learned more importantly. By the end of the sixties’, there were new developments in teaching language starting to occur. The TG theory had a big impact resulting in a change in teaching methods. It was opposed to the empiricist theory, that is, teaching audio linguistics, linguistically structuralism and psychologically behaviorism. TG theory. 1 It stresses mental activity. 2 It postulates that all human beings have an innate ability to learn a language. 3 That it is an inborn instinctual ability and not practice that made human beings obtain the rules of a language and understand and can produce countless numbers of sentences. The Natural Method was successfully used in various language schools in the USA and Europe in the late 19th and the early 20th century. In the post-World War I decades, the direct method was adopted into English language teaching (ELT) this laid a solid intellectual and practical foundation for developing ELT as an autonomous profession. Some linguists, like Diller (1970), openly declared his preference for the cognitive position; while others, like Chastain (1976) and Rivers (1981:25-27) held that the two theories were complementary and served different types of learners or teachers or represented different phases of the language learning process. Applied Linguists brought about the situational approach and the notional/functional method. It is based on a broader framework for the description of language use called communicative competence proposed by Hymes, This brought about the communicative approach to language teaching came into being. In 1970s, a group of scholars including Oller (1970) and Widdowson (1978), were linguists but at also closely in touch with teaching practice. They gave language teaching and language pedagogy the linguistic direction they regarded as necessary. Since they were in touch with language teaching practice and linguistic so had a two-way view of the problem, they placed emphasis on real language and its communication and use. To take Oller’s interest in pragmatics as an example. Oller (1970:507) claimed that pragmatics has implications for language teaching; it defines the goal of teaching a language as prompting the students not merely to manipulate meaningless sound sequences, but to send and receive messages in the language. The students in China start English when they are in primary school. In the past, more attention was paid to the grammar, the result was very disappointing: Now the emphases is on speaking and listening. The audio-lingual method is now used in the classroom. In China, more people need to learn English in order to have the ability to communicate with foreigners. In this case, speaking and listening is much more important than being able to read and write. They are not expected to have a high level of English and their aim is simple, they need to communicate with a foreigner so they can understand their words and express themselves well. This is based on simple daily conversation. A market sale and business or being able to work in the tourism industries. Basic conversation and understanding can be very helpful in everyday conversation exchanges. The Audio-lingual method stressed the repetition and it theorizes that a language is learnt through the formation of habits. To speak English fluently, without constant practice, is impossible. So in our English teaching, we must help our students speak and listen well. Expressing ourselves properly is not always an easy thing, especially if it’s an emotionally charged topic. Even an English major may sometimes find it problematic to express exactly what they mean so it is understood by the other person in a way that is understood by all. When I go to Cambodia I find the generally that the population though not taught English in school has good English conversation capacity. They may not read or write but I feel if they had the opportunity to learn now they have grasped the basic language that they would with more ease. There is a need for them to talk and sell to foreigners so they have had a need and incentive to learn and the fact that their using it every day also helps. Though there are of course talented students I find in Thailand the communication level is not good as a lot of emphases is but on reading, writing and grammar, that many times, is not really understood or comprehended. Thai students learn form primary but they do not always have a reason to speak out of the classroom. One lesson a week in speaking and 3 of grammar I find makes the students scared to use the language. I teach with Thailand teachers and due to a some general pronunciation problems the students are confused about the sounds of the words and how to string them together. Confidence helps a lot just talking even if it is wrong. I always attempt to inspire confidence as I feel it is very important for speech. In my opinion, linguistics and language teaching relationship is a dual one. There are some theories of linguistics that can be applied to language teaching, i. e.  linguistics guides in development of language teaching theory. On the other hand, a language teaching theory expresses or implies answers to questions about the nature of language. It is necessary for a language teacher has some knowledge about, the systems of languages. A teacher should understand how the language works and expresses meaning and the structures that are used in the language being taught. A teacher needs to know how to make the phonic sounds and the mechanics to produce these sounds. This helps with pronunciation problems that students will encounter. By studying linguistics a teacher will have a deeper insight into the nature of language and the language the student speaks as theyre first language. If we agree that the use of a language is a matter of habits and practice, then a teacher needs to implant the habit of using it for communication until it becomes second nature. Conclusion Linguistic theory is continually developing and teaching theories are constantly changing as is the language itself. This alone demands a permanent study of languages and the relationships between linguistic theory and language teaching methods. There are many techniques and theories but no one concept or technique can take in the Different needs student may have and the differing ways people learn. This is a science in its self. There can be many differences in understanding between the L1 and L2 language from different cultural understandings and different sounds that may be new to the learner. There are many ways a culture will express its self along with idiosyncrasies and local knowledge of the everyday life in the culture. They say when you understand humor you start to know a language. If one could take every student as an individual and teach them the best way they learnt one would be assured of good results. Knowing the basic individual attributes the child had can enable to teacher to create classes designed for their individual needs. This is a luxury that tutors can give their students but in the classroom one dose not have so much control. A practical framework designed to suit the most students and the context that is the most appropriate. The Relationship of Linguistic Materials for the Second Language Teacher. Because of political, economic and also technical changes, English has become widely taught as an official business language worldwide, also as a second language to immigrants in English-speaking countries to gain entry and work, and as a foreign language in many non-English-speaking countries. This is also largely due to the computer so there is a universal language for coding and business. There are many theories on different ways to teach and different scholarly thoughts on the best process. I feel that this depends on the type of English you are teaching. Since there are many different needs a student may have. In China the emphases is on communication with foreigners on a daily basis like selling them something in a market or doing business. In other countries such as Thailand the emphases is put on Grammar and writing and reading and only a small part into communication. So while there are still many theories on the best way to teach I feel in my knowledge so far that it is best to learn as many ways as possible and how they work in the different environments. Applied Linguistics is really about the melding of these two actions but not the scope of this essay. One of the most fantastic Linguistic help I think the corpus is one of the best ways to get relevant vocabulary for your students. This is helpful for Syllabus and curriculum planning and for all areas of language teaching. References Chastain, K. (1976). Developing Second-Language Skills: Theory to Practice. Chicago: Rand McNally. Diller, K. C. (1970). ‘Linguistic theories of language acquisition’ in Hester 1970:1-32. Johnson, M. (1967). Definitions and models in curriculum theory. Educational Theory, 17:127-40. Lamendella, J. T. (1969). On the irrelevance of transformational grammar to second language pedagogy. Language Learning, 19:255-70. Levenson, E. A. (1979). Second language lexical acquisition: issues and problems. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin, 4:147-60. Oller, J. W. (1970). Transformational theory and pragmatics. Modern Language Journal, 54:504-507. Rivers, W. M. (1981). Teaching Foreign-Language Skills. Second edition. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. Widdowson, H. G.. (1978). Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .? Zeki Hamawand, Z. Morphology in English: Word formation in cognitive grammar. continuum. Publishing. ( Zeki Hamawand, Z. (2011).

napoleon Essay -- essays papers

napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica. His parents, Letiza and Carlo were very strict. He was one of seven children of his prominent lawyer father and strong willed beautiful mother. His education was a very prominent one, he entered a school in the nearby town of Brienne-le chateau, and was known to excel in mathematics. He immediately showed his interest in the armed forces by enrolling in the prominent Paris military school Eode Military. Immediately after graduating in 1788 he joined the radical political group known as the Jacobians, he was thought to have joined them because of their interest in making France become a democracy. At 16 Napoleon received his military commission and became second lieutenant of artillery of France. His status position remained unchanged for 15 years. Napoleon was very dedicated to his military career and received a much deserved vacation. So he went on leave and moved his family to Corsica an island near France, But still dedicated himself to the Corsican national guard. (World Book pg.14) Although in another country Napoleon was still an active member of the Jacobions, (who had just overthrown and murdered the King of France Louis XVI) which angered the monarchist the King of Corsica, who declared the Bonapartes outlaws. Napoleon immediately fled with his family back to France, and rejoined the French military. Upon his return to France he met his future wife, Josephine Beauharnais. ...

Chromatography: How can we separate a mixture?

PurposeThe chromatography lab is to understand how molecules with similar molecular properties can be separated with paper chromatography. These differences will be interpreted to see the distinction of separate chemical substances.Pre Lab Questions1. Explain capillary action as it pertains to water and paper.Capillary action makes water draw up the paper. As paper absorbs water mixes with the solutions in the paper.2. What is the Rf value in a chromatography experiment?Rf = Distance travelled by the solute from the original line/distance travelled by the solvent from the original line3. If a molecule has a high affinity for the stationary phase, how is the Rf value affected?High affinity for the stationary phase affects the Rf value by lower Rf values.4. If a molecule has high affinity for the mobile phase, how is the Rf value affected?The Rf value will be higher5. Imagine you are doing a chromatography experiment with a polar solvent and a molecule containing a carbonyl group. Woul d the Rf value be high or low? Explain.The Rf value would be predicted as being low because it would tend to stick to the paper more.6. Why must a pencil be used, instead of a pen or marker when marking chromatography plates?A pencil is being used when parking chromatography plates because the ink could take part in reacting with the substance that it is placed in.7. Why should latex gloves be worn when preparing chromatography plates?Latex gloves should be worn to prevent contamination of the chromatogram8. The sample fine thin-layer chromatography plate, shown below, was prepared by spotting methyl red at R, sudan III at S, and bromocresol green at G. A single drop of each was placed on M. The plate was put in the developing solution until the solvent front reached 10 cm. Estimate the retention factor of R,S, and G, by measuring to the middle of the spot.0.625 ; .369. Describe how the TLC plate shown in question #8 was improperly prepared. For thin layer chromatography the adsorbe nt is coated as a thin layer onto a suitable support. This layer substance mixture is separated by elution with a suitable solvent.10. Suppose that, while one of the chromatography plates is developing, the beaker is accidently bumped, and the developing solution splashes on the TLC plate. Explain how this would influence the results.The results would shift dramatically towards the selected solution before.Materials List:Food dye solutions, 3 colors and an â€Å"unknown† dye mixture Sodium chloride solution Isopropyl alcohol Paper chromatography plates Capillary tubes Pencil Five 250-mL beakers Plastic wrap Metric ruler Lab notebook Latex gloves, safety goggles, lab apronsProcedure: Activity 11. Wearing latex gloves, obtain ten chromatography plates, as directed by the instructor. Prepare each chromatography plate by marking lightly with pencil, a line at the bottom. Draw two small dots on the bottom line. Place the labels B (blue) and R (red) below the dots on the line. Repe at with the yellow food dye (Y) on another chromatography paper. Prepare the remaining eight plates the same way so that you have five sets of chromatography plates. 2. Properly prepare 250 mL beakers3. Cover 250 mL beakers with plastic wrap 4. Prepare 10 mL of below solution and place them in the beakers. Label with the mobile phase composition. a. 1% salt water b. 1% salt water/isopropyl alcohol (3:1) mixture c. 1% salt water/isopropyl alcohol (1:1) mixture d. 1% salt water/isopropyl alcohol (1:3) mixture e. isopropyl alcohol 5. cover each beaker with a piece of plastic wrap 6. Prepare 1 mL of each dye solution 7. Place one drop of blue food dye with the capillary tube 8. Do this for the â€Å"R† (separate capillary tube) 9. Do this for the â€Å"Y† (separate capillary tube) 10. Allow droplet to fully dry 11. Gently lower one of the plates into one of the 250-mL developing solution beakers, ensuring that the dry food dye spots are at the bottom.Ensure that  no solv ent splashes onto the chromatography plate above the initial solvent level 12. Carefully re-cover the 250-mL beaker13. The solvent will quickly rise through the plate. Allow until  ¾ way 14. Once the solvent level has reached the maximum height, quickly remove the plate from the 250-mL beaker and mark the exact point of the solvent front before the solvent evaporates. (will take longer) 15. Mark the plate with the identity of the developing solution composition. Set the plate face-up to allow it to dry 16. Replace the plastic wrap cover on the 250-mL beaker17. Repeat steps 7-16 with each of the other developing solutions. Ensure that each plate is properly marked and labeled 18. Measure the distance between the bottom line and the upper solvent line on each plate. Record this information in the data table 1 for the corresponding developing solution 19. Identify and circle each spot corresponding to the indicator dyes on each of the chromatography plates 20. Measure the distance be tween the bottom line and the center of each indicator spot (B,R andY) on each plate. Record this data in the corresponding data table 21. Ask the instructor whether the chromatography plates should be retained or disposed off

Soul Surfer Main Character

I ask you this; if given the chose, would you choose faith over fear? Love over hate? Triumph over failure? Extraordinary over average? Bethany Hamilton, just thirteen at the time, lost her left arm when a fourteen-foot tiger shark ripped it off while she was surfing with friends in Hawaii.Soul Surfer, the inspirational tale brings us into Hamilton’s life and recovery process after the attack. With nothing but positive messages about going against all odds and overcoming the toughest of obstacles, an enticingly unique storyline, and captivating characters; Soul Surfer is a must watch. This film has many positive lessons to be taken to heart throughout the film. However, the strongest messages are that with a bit of perspective and the support of our friends and family. You can make it through the worst of tragedies. Our family and friends are often our support system. With them, anything becomes possible.Tom Hamilton, Bethany’s father (played by Dennis Quaid) tells Beth any when she is ready to quit surfing after the attack; â€Å"That shark didn’t kill you, you are still here, still alive, with a family who loves you†. Bethany may have lost an arm, but that is not to say she has lost everything. Throughout this uphill battle, Bethany has her friends and family there for her to help her get back on the board with confidence and to turn surfing back into the joyful hobby she initially fell in love with.Similarly, perspective is everything. It is our outlook on life and how we are able to see and eventually come to terms with life’s simplest and toughest decisions. During one of the towns youth nights, Sarah Hill, the youth group’s pastor (played by Carrie Underwood) says â€Å"It can be hard to make sense of things when you are looking at them really close. The same is true in life, so if you are ever dealing with anything that is just too hard to handle, or does not seem to make much sense, get a new perspective.† After the attack Bethany struggles in finding a reason why this has all happened to her. Why she has lost her arm, why she must learn how to do almost everything again, and how this could be gods plan for her.Through the guidance of Sarah’s advice in getting a new perspective, and through her own faith, Bethany was able to come to a positive conclusion. With perspective and support you can make it over the highest bumps in the road. The movie’s enticingly unique story creates an everlasting connection between your own life and to the life of Bethany Hamilton’s. Based on true-life events, this story will inspire you to love yourself, and to be  thankful for all that you have. When director Sean McNama was asked about the challenges of making this movie and he said â€Å"it is about who Bethany really is, and so yeah-there was some give and take on both sides to make it great, but I was like let’s just be true to what she is.†Since Sean was able t o stay so true to whom and what the real Bethany is all about, it makes you really see and have an appreciation for all she has gone through. And furthermore, all the struggles and obstacles she will continue to be faced with throughout the rest of her life. In addition, the special effects of this movie really add on to the overall performance and the reality of the story. AnnaShophia Robb wore a green sleeve on her arm, which was later digitally removed to portray the missing limb. After the shooting of the actual scene took place, the crew would shot a second one without anybody, insuring the background would match with the movie scene.They had to do this for every scene that Bethany was in, therefore for the majority of the movie. This was difficult because they had to do this without wasting precious amounts of time. The main reason being, they were relying on the weather to hold up. All the extra work and attention to detail paid off, because everything looks realistic, and as a viewer you can remain focused on the story and not the obvious Photoshop. When combing a story line based on true-life events and incredible special effects, you are left with a captivating movie.Creating relatable and convincing characters is perhaps the hardest aspect in making films. You may know her from movies such as; Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Race to Witch Mountain, or maybe even from Because of Winn-Dixie. AnnaSophia Robb plays the main character of Bethany Hamilton. The character of Bethany is a strong one to say the very least. With her persistence and confidence, she outshines all the other characters, making her relatable. One of the most memorable quotes in this move is said by the character herself, â€Å"I do not need easy, I just need possible.† (4) What makes this role so strong is throughout the entire film, you embark on this journey and you wait on Bethany’s character to breakdown, quit, or to lose faith in everything. But she never does .She shows us her strength, determination and will to find the positive outcomes in all tragic things. Although the character of Bethany Hamilton is extraordinary, Soul Surfer has at least two memorable characters. You may know her from her victory on the fourth season of American Idol, or the story of a small town  Oklahoma girl turns platinum recording artist; Carrie Underwood makes her acting debut, playing the inspirational role of the youth group’s pastor-Sarah Hill. Carrie shows that she has the ability to light up a big screen in her movie debut, but it is the character she plays that makes the movie as moving as it is. Sarah Hill tells Bethany â€Å"I do not know why terrible things happen to us sometimes, but I have to believe something good is going to come out of this.†This inspires Bethany to get back into the water, and to not lose faith in not only herself and her abilities, but also not lose faith in God and the role he plays in her life. Sarah’ s compassion and Christian beliefs make this movie inspiring, relatable, and moving. Sarah’s character demonstrates a strong Christian belief which remains true to the life of the real Bethany Hamilton; by still having a huge significance to the story, Sarah does this without alienating the non-Christian audiences.Over the past ten years, since the tragic accident, Bethany has been blessed with countless opportunities to share her story and her faith with the world, encouraging those who are struggling to overcome difficulties of their own. Through this movie, we celebrate the life of our very own ‘Soul Surfer’. If you enjoy positive messages leaving you with countless Goosebumps, an intriguing story, and phenomenal characters, I highly recommend you to go watch this film.

The factors effecting Insulators Essays

The factors effecting Insulators Essays The factors effecting Insulators Essay The factors effecting Insulators Essay Essay Topic: Sula Introduction: I will be investigating the rate of cooing, by using various numbers of layers of insulators round a beaker of hot water. The science which effect my investigation are as follows:Conduction is a transfer of heat energy through a substance from the hotter region to the cooler region without any movement of the substance itself. As the substance is heated, free electrons spread through the substance bumping into other electrons and passing on Kinetic energy. Gradually energy is transferred along the substance. Radiation is the transfer of heat energy through waves. Hot objects emit mainly infrared radiation which can pass through a vacuum i.e. No medium is needed for its transfer. How much radiation is given out or taken in by an object depends on its surfaceIn this experiment I could have many variables. Ranging from colour to size. They are:- The material of my cup (ceramic, metal, glass, polythene, plastic)- The layers of insulators (no layers, 1layer, 2layer etc) [this is what I have chosen to use as my variable]- Different types of insulators (wool, bubble wrap, foam, cotton, paper)- Different colours of insulators. (Black, transparent,)Research and preliminary experiment:For when I did my Preliminary experiment I found out that writing down the results every Thirty Seconds was not sufficient. As the results did not have a good spread out drop. So we decided to change it to every Two Minutes.Also, the temperature of the water was at 85?c. But using that as the starting temperature we found that the water would not boil up to that temperature. And so we would have to re-heat the water to get it to the exact temperature we wanted. Which took up a lot of our time. So we decided to drop it by 5?c. So, in the real experiment we will have the water at 80?c.I think that in the end result the graph will look something like:Prediction:I predict that when I change the amount of layers of bubble-wrap around my beaker, the more laye rs there are the slower the rate of cooling will be. So, therefore the fewer numbers of layers I use the quicker the rate of cooling.This is what I think will happen. Because I am using bubble-wrap as my insulator the bubbles in the material have trapped air in them. So, when the high temperature from the water tries to escape the trapped air will act as a barrier and will hold in as much as possible. So, therefore the rate of cooling will be very less.I think this will happen because as the beaker is made of copper, which is a good conductor, the high temperature of the water will reduce rapidly.Diagram:Plan of ExperimentApparatus I will use in this experiment:- Electric water kettle- 125ml of hot water (at 80?c)- Measuring cylinder- Thermometer- Copper beaker- Insulator (bubble-wrap)- Stop-clockDiagram of my experiment set-up:Method:- Boil the water in an electric kettle.- Pour the water into a measuring cylinder. And measure until 125ml.- Put in a thermometer and measure at 80c.- Pour the water into a copper beaker (with our without insulator).- Put on the timer.- And note down the temperature every 2minutes. Until 10minutes.In this experiment I will be measuring the temperature drop every two minutes. I will do this by having a stop-clock to measure the temperature at exactly two minutes each time.I will carry out this experiment at least three times so that I can take an average, which will be more accurate and precise.Safety:In this experiment I will be handling hot water. So, I could have several different types of accidents. Like for example:- The hot water could spill on to someone which can lead to them burning themselves or even worse. So, I must make sure that when carrying out my experiment no one is sitting down on a chair. All chairs are tucked in. Bags are in the cupboards and there is nothing that anyone could trip over from.- When pouring the water out into the basin after conducting the experiment the beaker will be extremely hot! (Near boil ing point) So if I handle it by hand then I could burn myself, or I could drop the water causing the water to either spill onto someone, or it could spill onto the floor and someone could easily trip over it and hurt themselves.Variable Fair test:There will only be ONE thing that will change throughout the entire experiment. This will be the amount of layers around the beaker.I have to make sure nothing changes except my variable. So everything else has to be kept the same to make this a fair test. The things I will have to keep the same are:- The amount of water used- The temperature of water- The insulator material must always be Bubble-wrapResults:Result 1:LayersBegin at2min4min6min8min10min080c75c71c67c63c61c180c78c76c73c70c68c280c78c75c74c73c71c380c79c77c75c73c72c480c79c78c76c75c74cResults 2:LayersBegin at2min4min6min8min10min080c78c74c70c67c65c180c78c75c72c70c68c280c77c76c75c74c70c380c78c77c75c73c72c480c78c76c75c74c73cAverage results:LayersBegin at2min4min6min8min10min080c76. 5c72.5c68.5c65c63c180c78c75.5c72.5c70c68c280c77.5c76c74.5c73.5c70.5c380c78.5c77c75c73c72c480c78.5c77c75.5cc74.5c73.5cGraph:Gradients of the graph:0 layers -1.26984121 layer -1.17647052 layers -1.13475173 layers -1.11111114 layers -1.0884353The gradient is a Negative.I have also put my results onto a bar chart to help see clearly what is happening every two minutes. By looking at the bar chart you can easily see the difference in the rate of cooling. The non-layered beaker is dropping down at a faster rate, compared to the beaker with more layers, which is increasing at a quicker rate.Conclusion:The shape of the graph is a curve. The gradient goes downwards. As the amount of time (every 2 minutes) increases, the rate of cooling decreases. The gradient does not steep. What I mean by this is that as the amount of layers increases the temperature of hot water drops down gradually. This is the usual shape you get when things tend to cool down. The X axis is the Time every two minutes. Th e Y axis is the temperature in ?c. When things are hot they cool down very fast. But, the more insulators there is around the substance the longer it takes to cool down. Therefore, when I use four layers of bubble-wrap it will take longer to cool down. Whereas when I have no layers of bubble-wrap the quicker it cooled down.Looking back at my prediction I see that what I had predicted was exactly right. The beaker with no layers of insulation had dropped at a very rapid speed. Compared to the beaker with four layers of insulation. Which dropped at a slower speed. The principle was exactly the same.The beaker that had no layers on insulation would take in the high temperature, and because the beaker was made of metal it was a good conductor of heat energy so the heat would escape very quickly. Whereas the beaker with lots of layers would help keep the high temperature within itself. And stop it from escaping. This is because of the type of insulation we used. The bubble warp has air b ubbles inside itself. This helps to keep the heat inside as much as possible.Evaluation:My experiment did not go as I had planned. My graph tells me that some of my results were fairly accurate. But a few of my results were anomalous results. I can tell this from my graph by looking at the bar chart, where it is much clearer to see the difference in temperature every two minutes. If you look closely at the bar chart you will notice that at two minutes the temperature of the one layer was slightly above the beaker with two layers. This cannot be right because the beaker with 1 layer should drop down in temperature quicker then the beaker with 2 layers. Because the beaker with 2 layers has more insulation around it. This could be because we didnt take down the results properly or my average wasnt right. I tried to make my results accurate by making sure everything that I do was a fair test. We came across some difficulties whilst conducting this experiment. Like for instance, we were supposed to take out three results and then take out an average. But because time was of an essence we could only take out the experiment twice. So, our average isnt as precise as it should be.I could improve my investigation by, like I said before conducting my experiment three times at least, so that I can take out a reliable average. Also this would help us to draw out accurate conclusions. If we had shared results with other groups this would of helped us to see if we went wrong anywhere or if they went wrong anywhere. So we could fix the problem.My method was good. It was quick, simple and easy to follow by. Especially once we got use to how to do it.I think that my conclusion is very accurate. I drew my conclusion out of previous knowledge, textbooks, class notes and by doing this investigation. I had enough evidence to help draw up this conclusion. To help get even more evidence for my conclusion I could do another type of investigation similar to this.

Peroxisomes - Eukaryotic Organelles

Peroxisomes - Eukaryotic Organelles Peroxisomes are small organelles found in eukaryotic plant and animal cells. Hundreds of these round organelles can be found within a cell. Also known as microbodies, peroxisomes are bound by a single membrane and contain enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide as a by-product. The enzymes decompose organic molecules through oxidation reactions, producing hydrogen peroxide in the process. Hydrogen peroxide is toxic to the cell, but peroxisomes also contain an enzyme that is capable of converting hydrogen peroxide to water. Peroxisomes are involved in at least 50 different biochemical reactions in the body. Types of organic polymers that are broken down by peroxisomes include amino acids, uric acid, and fatty acids. Peroxisomes in liver cells help to detoxify alcohol and other harmful substances through oxidation. Key Takeaways: Peroxisomes Peroxisomes, also known as microbodies, are organelles that are found in both eukaryotic animal and plant cells.A number of organic polymers are broken down by peroxisomes including amino acids, uric acid, and fatty acids. At least 50 different biochemical reactions in the body involve peroxisomes.Structurally, peroxisomes are surrounded by one membrane that encloses digestive enzymes. Hydrogen peroxide is produced as a by-product of peroxisome enzyme activity which decomposes organic molecules.Functionally, peroxisomes are involved in both the destruction of organic molecules and the synthesis of important molecules in the cell.Similar to mitochondria and chloroplast reproduction, peroxisomes have the ability to assemble themselves and reproduce by dividing in a process known as peroxisomal biogenesis. Peroxisomes Function In addition to being involved in the oxidation and decomposition of organic molecules, peroxisomes are also involved in synthesizing important molecules. In animal cells, peroxisomes synthesize cholesterol and bile acids (produced in the liver). Certain enzymes in peroxisomes are necessary for the synthesis of a specific type of phospholipid that is necessary for the building of heart and brain white matter tissue. Peroxisome dysfunction can lead to the development of disorders that affect the central nervous system as perioxsomes are involved in producing the lipid covering (myelin sheath) of nerve fibers. The majority of peroxisome disorders are the result of gene mutations that are inherited as autosomal recessive disorders. This means that individuals with the disorder inherit two copies of the abnormal gene, one from each parent. In plant cells, peroxisomes convert fatty acids to carbohydrates for metabolism in germinating seeds. They are also involved in photorespiration, which occurs when carbon dioxide levels become too low in plant leaves. Photorespiration conserves carbon dioxide by limiting the amount of CO2 available to be used in photosynthesis. Peroxisome Production Peroxisomes reproduce similarly to mitochondria and chloroplasts in that they have the ability to assemble themselves and reproduce by dividing. This process is called peroxisomal biogenesis and involves the building of the peroxisomal membrane, intake of proteins and phospholipids for organelle growth, and new peroxisome formation by division. Unlike mitochondria and chloroplasts, peroxisomes have no DNA and must take in proteins produced by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The uptake of proteins and phospholipids increases growth and new peroxisomes are formed as the enlarged peroxisomes divide. Eukaryotic Cell Structures In addition to peroxisomes, the following organelles and cell structures can also be found in eukaryotic cells: Cell Membrane: The cell membrane protects the integrity of the interior of the cell. It is a semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell.Centrioles: When cells divide, centrioles help to organize the assembly of microtubules.Cilia and Flagella: Both cilia and flagella aid in cellular locomotion and can also help move substances around cells.Chloroplasts: Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in a plant cell. They contain chlorophyll, a green substance that can absorb light energy.Chromosomes: Chromosomes are located in the cells nucleus and carry heredity information in the form of DNA.Cytoskeleton: The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that support the cell. It can be thought of as the cells infrastructure.Nucleus: The cells nucleus controls cell growth and reproduction. It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope, a double-membrane.Ribosomes: Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis. Most often, individual ribosomes have both a small and large subunit.Mitochondria: Mit ochondria provide energy for the cell. They are considered the cells power house. Endoplasmic Reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids. It also produces proteins and lipids for a number of cell components.Golgi Apparatus: The golgi apparatus manufactures, stores, and ships certain cellular products. It can be thought of as the shipping and manufacturing center of the cell.Lysosomes: Lysosomes digest cellular macromolecules. They contain a number of hydrolytic enzymes that help to break down cellular components.

The Alhambra in Granada Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Alhambra in Granada - Term Paper Example Alhambra in Granada is an important work of Muslim art in Europe that needs to be unfolded. For centuries, it has charmed visitors with its equipped walls, pointed arches, towers, attractive flourishes, carvings, and stunning gardens. The monument in Granada was created in the thirteen century by a Muslim ruler Nasrid Emirs of Granada, Spain (Allsop 2011). The name of the castle was originated from an Arabic  source. The name refers to the fact  that the shade of the towers and walls that enclose  the complete  hill  of are silver in night and  gold in daylight. The given name of Alhambra  has a meaning of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Red or Crimson Castle† (Fogarty 2007). The dimension of the hill where the Alhambra is situated has a length of 740m (2430 ft). The highest breadth is 205m (574 ft) in width. The monument is based on a large area of 142,000 square meters. Darro is a river which flows from the north and functions to separate the plateau and the Albican district of Grana da (Hernandez et al 2010). The construction of the palace was initiated by the Arabs who were highly impressed by the work of the Romans. This motivated them to expand and add new foundations to roads and cities.  In9th century the construction of Alhambra was subsequently started in Sabika Hill, though it is believed that in Roman times and even before there was not any structure that massive. The Cordova civil war resulted in the taking over of the state by a new Caliph and the first important step that was the movement of the capital from Elvira to Granada. This step was taken in the eleventh century during the time of the Zirid Dynasty. The initiation of the fifteenth century was marked by the occupancy by the Ziries in Alcazaba Cadima, or current castle, situated within the Albayzin region and was made part of King Dar-al-Horra’s Palace. The town of Granada started prospering from the bottom of the hill where initially Jews were settled. Vizier Samuel ibn Naghrela star ted the construction and rebuilt the deserted skeleton situated on the Sabikah Hill and started work on the Alhambra to make it his castle (EdicionesEdilux S.L 2007). In twelfth century the succeeding attacks of Almoravides and Almohades in Granada came to a halt following violent and blood-spattered fights in the  Alcazaba Del Albayzin  and in the castle of Alhambra, which was the safe haven for the Andalusians as well as the Borth African attackers (Allsop 2011). Ahmar ibn Nasir was the initiator of the Nasrid Dynasty. He used to live at the Alcazaba of the Albayzin. Ahmar was highly concerned with regard to the demolished structure of the Alhambra and he decided to rebuilt the palace and use it as his court. Ahmar was aware of the high status of the Alhambra as kings and sultans had used this palace and lived in it. He raised the status of the place and the high ups and the kings of Nasrid Dynasty maintained the trend and the Alhambra was therefore marked to be the residence of the privileged people. The Alhambra maintained its privilege throughout the tenure of the Nasrid Dynasty. The Dynasty eventually came to an end in the fifteenth century (EdicionesEdilux S.L 2007). Some sources believe that there is no evidence to the Alhambra being held as a residence of kings until the thirteen century, but still

Using insight into historaical, social and cultural context write an Essay

Using insight into historaical, social and cultural context write an regarding the expectations of pip in Charles Dickens 'Great expectaions - Essay Example He develops unrealistic expectations which lead him to develop undesirable traits. However, the resulting disappointments turn him more mature and responsible. In the beginning, Pip is so vulnerable crying â€Å""Oh! Dont cut my throat, sir, O pray.....† (p.3) when the convict Magwitch catches him in the churchyard. His situation is so desperate as he stands looking at the graves of seven members of his family; being an orphan, without family and friends, he stands alone in the world. In such a position, Pip longs to improve himself setting expectations. He admires Joe, the blacksmith and has "a new sensation of feeling conscious that I was looking up to Joe in my heart" (p.4). However, his admiration soon turns into indifference as he starts develop unrealistic expectations. Some of his expectations are educational, moral and social. The change starts coming upon him on his meeting Mrs. Havisham and Estella. Pip, who has admired Joe and the working class life, starts noticing the difference between classes. He thinks regretfully, â€Å"I was a common labouring-boy; that my hands were coarse; that my boots were thick; and generally that I was in a low-lived bad way" (p. 27). He loves Estella and yearns to marry her; however, he faces the truth that he is poor, ignorant and realises the difference between moral and immoral behaviour. He is idealistic which causes him to have a very narrow view of the world. So, he sometimes acts rude to people who actually care for him. He goes by the face value, which leads to disappointments. When Mr. Jaggers tells Pip about the great expectations that they have placed on him, he thinks that Miss Havisham is going to spend her fortune and expects that Mrs. Havisham is his benefactor, but when he realises the truth that he had been so long supported by a convict, he is unable to take it. However, later he comes to learn the human qualities of