Risk Assessment Case Study Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Risk Assessment Case Study Evaluation EssayThe peril estimate carapace study evaluates the chromium-contaminated soils. Twelve years of interrogation went into the study to characterize the health hazards caused by the chromium-contaminated soils. Within New Jersey there were at least threesome different chromate chemical manufacturing companies operating, one in Kearny, New Jersey, and the other two in Jersey City. The study was conducted through a human health luck sound judgement, which contains four main steps counterbalance identifying the hazard, second the dose response assessment, fol humbleded by the motion picture assessment, and finalizing with the assay flick. There ar mevery short and ample term health effects found within the attempt assessment, which is one designer that assessment is so important. Looking at the risk assessment that was do within the area, the final implication was the simple fact that a remedial cleaning needed to be done within the area. It seems that there may puzzle been a high embody for the study and the actual cleanup, but the benefit of saving an environs and human health is priceless.Risk assessment studies are really important to human and ecological health, therefore no matter the cost associated the benefit will always be much higher. Looking at the risk assessment of chromium-contaminated soils is important it shows health effects related to chromium and what inevitably to be done to clean the area for further use by mankind and nature. The case study includes a group of hazardous waste locates in Northern New Jersey. At these waste sites a series of unique research efforts were implemented over the past 12 years to improve the accuracy of the Risk Assessment process (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). The case study specifically documents the use of apply research to advance the characterization of both(prenominal) video and toxicity associated with the uncontrolled release of hexavalent and trivalent chromium in the form of chromites ore processing residue (COPR) in an urban setting (Paustenbach, 2002). Early investigation began after redevelopment of certain neighborhoods in downtown Jersey City led to the discovery of COPR.Research conducted by the task force revealed that construction companies and hauling firms had sued or sold the COPR to fill basements of demolished buildings, as base for parking lots and buildings, and/or to fill low lying areas (Paustenbach, 2002). A total of 2,138 surfaces and subsurface soil samples, 31 groundwater samples from 31 monitoring wells at seven sites, 33 ambient air samples, 19 surface-water and 11 sediment samples, and eight building wall wipe samples were collected and analyzed during the remedial investigation that was conducted by Environmental Sciences and Engineering (ESE).As a result of the investigations conducted in the late 1980s it was clear that there was considerable uncertainty about how better to characterize the p otential health risks associated with the COPR sites. The human health risk assessment a development used to process the estimation, the nature, and the chance of an unfortunate health effects occurring in humans who may be overt to chemicals contaminated with environmental media (EPA, 2012, p. 1).The risk assessment can be categorized into four steps the hazard identification, the dose-response assessment, the exposure assessment, and the risk characterization. The easiest to perform and the most recognizable, the depression step is to identify the hazards. Hazard identification determines whether exposure to a hazardous agent could be a risk for the health of humans. The assessment also considers the exposure to animals and how the hazardous agent may assume or adversely affect the animals.The second step, the dose-response assessment is the process of characterizing the relation between the dose of an agent administered or received and the incidence of an adverse health effect in exposed populations and estimating the incidence of the effect as a function of exposure to the agent (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). Influencing issues are a variable in the second step, such as age, gender, routines, the amount they are exposed, and the volume that they are exposed. A dose-response relationship describes how the possibility and severity of adverse health effects are related to the amount and condition of exposure to an agent (EPA, 2012, p. 1). The third step is the exposure assessment. Exposure assessment is the process wherein the intensity, frequency, and period of human exposure to an agent are estimated (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). Last, the final step is the risk characterization. The hazardous effect on health is labeled in the final phase.By calculation and educated guesses, the incidence of a health effect under the various conditions of human or animal exposure described in the exposure assessment is defined. The community has not been significantly affecte d by the COPR containing soils. The property values have been kept intact and the businesses on affected properties have act to operate (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). When the COPR was ub the process of disposal, there was little or no concern for the environmental and human health risks that would occur as a result of the statistical distribution of COPR outside the send offt.The potentially exposed populations were defined by onsite and surrounding land use. Exposures to chromium in COPR were assumed to occur via inhalation of suspended soil particulates, dermal contact with soil, and incidental soil ingestion (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). The data from the site surveys were used in site-specific risk assessments to quantify exposures. Chapter nine verified that the there were 42 properties affect by the exposure and toxicity assessments (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1).There were many samples taken. Between 1986 and 1989 a total of 2,138 surface and subsurface soil samples, 31 groundwater samples from monitoring wells situated at 7 sites, 33 ambient air samples, 19 surface-water and 11 sediment samples, and 8 building wall wipe samples were collected and analyzed during the RI (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). jump water and soil samples were also taken in the risk assessments. The assessments confirmed that there was indeed a paradox and that a remedial was needed.The risk characterization showed that something needed to be done and remediation was needed for these current vacant lots. Results verified that the exposure and toxicity assessment had a high toxicity in the soil and carcinogenic that people were exposed to in the air, soil, and water. Evidenced proved that indoor broadcast was highly toxic and yielded a link between the dust and chromium levels. High levels of chromium were definite in all tests. The carcinogenic compounds of chromium were not proven in one, though, done on lab rats.The problem was passed around inside the company but was eventually manag ed and is still being handled today. The implications of these assessments have changed with every assessment done. Each assessment could test even more than accurately. The final assessment was that there is a need to concentrated effort on the chromium left from these sites. Each step was precisely performed and accurately carried out. Limitations arose during the first step of identification. Again, the second step dose-response was limited by the research that had been done on chromium.As soon as they would file an assessment, there would be a impudently more accurate test available that would make the report inaccurate. The limitations and newly surfaced assessments left unanswered questions and concerns with the assessments. This 12-year period transformed a time of new developments in testing. With the availability of these new tests it brought the need for more assessments. The final assessments show that cleanup is needed and will require extensive planning to make it hap pen. The assessments were knowing to discover the results of how much chromium was in the area.The effect on the health of humans and the environment was also correlated within the assessments. Over the 12-year period, the assessments were evaluated and fulfilled to their fullest potential. concord to Paustenbach (2002), in Chapter 9, the cost of the 12-year study equaled 10 million dollars in research (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). Results can be seen in the undertaking of the removal of soil in these areas and taken to a hazardous material dump in Canada. By lowering the levels of chromium in these areas, like the wetlands, they have save a unique environment in America.According to the Njdep Site Remediation Program (2012) the cleanup in these areas are ongoing and the testing is being posted on this web site to show what the levels are in these areas (NJDEP, 2012). The people living and tameing in the particular areas will most benefit from the program. The people can stay in tun ed with the daily operations, along with the level ratings, through the website. Although the study was lengthy, the studies conducted have lowered the liabilities by almost 1 billion dollars (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1).The practical implications of the risk assessment were that there would have to be a remedial cleanup. A review of chromium toxicology suggested that valence differentiation in the environment would be key to correctly conniving health-protective cleanup standards and maximizing the benefit of each dollar committed to remediation (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). The specific goal approach was practical because it addressed the issues and came up with a plan of effect. Many big companies do not have a plan of action and this hinders the process to be successful in the remediation process.Another reason for the practicality of the risk assessment was that they were able to budget for how much the remedial and the cleanup would cost. Many companies are unable to see have a pl an of action at times like this and cannot for see the cleanup and the cost associated with it. A cost benefit analysis is important when looking at a risk assessment. The cost and benefit analysis reviews the cost and benefit or cleaning up an area. Most analytically reviewed references monetary gains and loses. Looking at the cost and benefits of both scenarios will help decide whether to clean the area or leave it alone.When looking at a CBA there are four different areas that moldiness be looked at first the gross disproportion, the sensitivity analysis, annualisation, and discounting. Gross disproportion is basically a factor when deciding if control measures should be used if the cost are not grossly disproportionate from the benefits the control measures must be used. Sensitivity analysis is taking one or more of the factors and varying them to see if the moment would be any different, this is used to show that control measures will be unsuccessful or that all that can be do ne has been.Then the annualisation, when the costs are worked out year by year with the varying changes in money, is done by looking at the discounting numbers. Discounting is a deeper look into the different cost and benefits of each year, this looks at maintenance costs and other cost that may be incurred. The main problem with the CBA is that there are no set criteria for any of the sections, it is left up to those doing the CBA and those fighting the results must take it to court and the court decides.Have set criteria listed for each aspect will help clarify what needs to be done. A CBA can be very beneficial to the decision of what needs to be done, it just needs a little more work to be more concise. The importance in a risk analysis can be witnessed in the review and evaluation of the risk assessment. The risk assessment of the chromium-contaminated soils in New Jersey the 12-year assessment proved many points. Such an extensive assessment demonstrated an area of strength an d weakness within the risk assessment.The risk assessment is made up of four parts, first identifying the hazard, then looking at the dose response assessment this is followed by the exposure assessment and the risk characterization. Within the risk assessment of the chromium-contaminated soils illustrated that there would be marked improvement with a remedial clean-up of the area. While it may not have been an golden decision, due to the fact, that the CBA has no set criteria. The risk analysis was conducted for 12 years to ensure human safety when living and working within the area the 12 year study also helped form future risk analysis studies.

Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

Race and Ethnicity EssayRace and racial issues ar every around us. Nobody can sneak behind a curtain, or tuck themselves away in a dark room to avoid this in that respect isnt a way to escape racism. Our day to day lives are filled with stereotypes and overgeneralizations that make us think and judge the wrong way. We werent born(p) into a race or into a category, but rather into a large melting pot. As Tim Wise said, majority of cops when asked What would you assume about a Black or Latino male who lives in a shady neighborhood and has a nice, new car? would respond those men are much than likely drug dealers just because of their race, when in fact, when compared to Black and Latino males, White males are four times more likely to be in willpower of drugs at the time of an arrest. Our founders did not want this to be the case. Abraham Lincoln fought to end slavery and abolish the inequality between Human Beings, not guide us in to thinking the color of our skin shapes us and the opinions we bring in for others based on their race.Can you confide that ninety-four percent of White Americans believe that racial problems are a small issue like not world able to find the match to your shoe, whereas the other six percent are fully aware that this is a huge controversial issue? Those tribe who believe racism has dwindled down that much need to have an eye opener. mass of White Americans are the ones who stereotype and categorize those of a different skin color. It is us White Americans who benefit from being the main race, and having the White privilege. more(prenominal) people need to go to a Black neighborhood and talk to those who see racism every day because in the area that about half(prenominal) of us live, racism is small compared to a large city. White privilege might have begun around the same time slavery had. White people, being the majority, saw the new race as an opportunity to become supreme ruler over something, to have large groups o f people work for them. The African American community thought differently, and tried running away.Infuriated, the Whites began on a whole new level believing anyone who ran away from the plantation was sick. Slavery in general, helped create white privilege and stereotype all African Americans into the working type, and now the druggies. All these past experiences have made it harder for African Americans to strive in our society. In previous decades, they deliberately separated White and Black neighborhoods, and when a Black moved into a White neighborhood, the houses value and the neighborhoods value decreased just because the people who moved there were of a different color.It is absolutely ridiculous that racism is still around about just as much as it was heptad years ago. Anybody with logical thinking would believe that it would have dwindled down to something less severe. Unfortunately, several towns are still divided and segregated because of race and skin color. I hope I get to see every race and skin color come together and work together fully, across the nation forward Im fifty, thats thirty three years from now.

Strengths And The Weaknesses Of The Companys Approach Marketing Essay

Strengths And The Weaknesses Of The Companys Approach Marketing EssayThe emergence of environmental awargonness has necessitated occupationes to change their practices with friendships to environmental issues. Businesses commit adoptive different strategies to comply with government policies and to maintain food market sh ar. Wm Morrison started life in 1899 as an egg and butter merchant and has grown to break down the UKs fourth largest supermarket chain. Morrisons bodied right reports identify modifyments in Morrisons environmental dodging in terms of reducing their overall impact on the environment however, several targets have not been met, leading us to question the troupes efforts in implementing changes. Morrisons is influenced by stakeholders who influence the policies implemented by businesses. RECOMMENDATION.The United Kingdom was late to effect environmental legislation, only inclineance in its Environmental Protection Act in 1990, thus suggesting why policies may not be completely implemented across businesses (BGM.) Corporate environmental management will increasingly be seen as an incentive of doing business (cem.) In recent years there has been a progressive change in the production and consumption of food products in terms of sourcing products from topical anesthetic ancestrys or abroad. Approximately 70 billion pounds is spent on the food market with well-nigh 80% going to supermarkets, Morrisons market share of this has fallen to 11.8% from 12.2% over the past year.Morrisons once an independent small high street shop expanded to become a national corporation and subsequently impacting the environment at local, national and global levels. Morrisons use the phrase Different and Better than Ever in assemble to signal to clients that they are laissez passering something unique in the competitive market therefore much competition is dependent upon price. The implementation of corporate social responsibility can be used not only to a ttract ethical customers but attempt to differentiate and develop a unique selling point. Morrisons is a Public Liability Company therefore aims is to maximize shareholder wealth however the needs of other stakeholders, customers, suppliers and governments must also be considered. Integrating the companies sight to be the food specialist for everyone, Morrisons environmental goals include taking care of the planet mainly focusing upon climate change, waste and sustainability which address the growing raise in the environment (cem.)Morrisons have improved the energy efficiency of stores, limited carbon emissions in the distribution process, reduced packaging and sourced products locally from sustainable sources. The company has invested heavily in its distribution, IT and logistics and now owns its own supply chain, manufacturing site and Market Street. The in-house structure ensures processes have little impact upon the environment, by reducing transportation be if ownership is i n close geographic proximity. Negatively vertical integration can potentially lead to high costs due to low efficiencies resulting from lose of supplier competition.Morrisons 2011 Corporate duty review highlighted almost 35,000 tonnes of waste was sent to landfill in 2010/11 and their carbon footprint in 2010 was, 1,417,376 tonnes CO2e. In comparison to 2005, cycle increased by 72% and there was a 12% reduction in Morrisons carbon footprint. Cleaner fridge cooling governances in stores resulted in a 40% reduction in refrigeration gas emissions. Morrisons aim to reduce carbon used by stores, offices, food manufacturing, packing facilities and distribution centres. Morrisons are successfully reducing their environmental impact and aim to reduce operational emissions by 30% by 2020. All of these strategies will positively influence the environment.Morrisons 2007 Corporate Responsibility review stated by 2010 there would be a 10% increase in renewable usage, a 15% reduction in piss ing and a 36% reduction in their carbon foot print. All of these targets have not universe achieved by the supermarket and the achieve by date has been extended. This illustrates short implementation of policies and targets across the company. Compared to other supermarket chains Morrisons is not highly rated for producing, implementing and achieving environmental targets. Although Morrisons say they are improving their environmental strategy by making much(prenominal) of a conscious effort into achieving goals, these results identify that plans and targets may not be taken as seriously as necessary.Although Morrisons state they are reducing the environmental impact on products produced through their own manufacturing sites, other suppliers and their impact upon the environment are not mentioned. Thus indicating little or no effort is being made in terms of reducing all manufacturing sites to improve their impact on the environment. The impact of unmonitored suppliers will negat ively influence the environment. It can be questioned whether Morrisons practices are markedly different than other companies in regards to improving their impact upon the environment.The production, packaging and distribution of food products impacts negatively upon the environment increasing the atmospheric pollution and its contract costs on human health, damage to crops and causing deaths to animals. On average packaging makes up nearly a quarter of household waste and 70% of that is food related. As climate change becomes an increasing concern, major supermarkets have seen the opportunity to improve their reputations with high-profile green initiatives. Morrisons have used the reduce, reuse or recycle mantra to urge consumers to use alternatives to plastic bags. Government reports have encouraged the change in everyday habits so environmental concerns are at the forefront of consumers minds. Supermarkets have adopted this strategy by promoting the bag for life, Morrisons have invested in using recycled material and have increased the durability, allowing them to be reused. Policies are likely to be come along integrated in the future (cem.) For example, the Welsh government imposed a ban on free carrier bags in supermarkets, thus positively implementing strategies for the break off of the environment.Morrisons sends large beats of waste to landfill, but now they have set their target to send zero waste to landfill by 2013. This would be a positive strategy to improving their impacts towards the environment. Landfills can affect human health with cancers and respiratory illnesses.Morrisons supply directs to its stored through twelve distributing facilities and using its own fleet which works around the measure to deliver fresh foods. Although Morrisons say they are improving their distribution facilities, it is questionable whether their management of collecting products from suppliers is in fact environmentally friendly. Morrisons target is to impr ove the customers companionship and they achieve this by providing fresh produce daily however this negatively impacts the environment as some air pollutants and particulate matter can be deposited in waters and soils where they enter the food chain consequently impacting animals health.35% of Britons live fifteen and more minutes away from the closest Morrisons shop, this therefore increases the amount of traffic on the road, resulting in harmful gases being emitted into the environment directly affecting human health, damage to buildings and crop production (BGM.) Morrisons state they provide local people with jobs however recruiting staff from remote areas or from a large distance from stores will negatively influencing the environment as increased transport is needed.Morrisons business ethics have become a higher priority as peoples actions and opinions have changed with an increased concern for the environment. Implementing an environmental action plan strengthens Morrisons pu blic dealings enticing customers and investors. For example, Morrisons pride themselves on providing locally grown produce from sustainable resources alongside 100% British meat and milk. The ownership of production helps secure perseveration in the supply chain.Research identified ethical spending and investment has increased dramatically as customers are more willing to pay higher prices for ethical produce. Ethical behaviour adds value, alongside giving the company a competitive advantage. Consumers also want retailers to provide them with environmentally friendly products that are well-off and affordable. The growing importance of environmentally friendly products allows retailers to exploit the opportunity to satisfy customer needs and positively impact the environment (Bgm.) Other strategies adopted by Morrisons were to alter the buying habits of consumers such as providing more information about the origin of products and promoting local food products (cem.) Shoppers like to purchase green food and as people are becoming more aware about waste and environmental matters, the ethically friendly image of companies is welcome by consumers (BGM.)As a result of consumer awareness, government policies and ever-changing technologies Morrisons have adapted their environmental strategy to incorporate these factors. Morrisons has spent thousands of pounds enhancing their companies technology in order to decrease their environmental output. positively technology can help develop and produce new materials and technologies that are sustainable and do not harm the environment. Retailers are proclaiming their commitment to, and achievements in, sustainability. The satisfaction of customer needs with regards to sustainability allows Morrisons to develop a good brand image and retain customers. Morrisons was the first supermarket to be awarded the Carbon Trust Standard highlighting there are successfully increasing their energy awareness through improving technology a nd their vertically integrated business model.Environmental management looks at the interaction and impact of human societies on the environment. Morrisons have used energy monitoring equipment to identify consumption trends in its stores and factories, looking for ways both to save money and to improve their impact upon the environment. Several of the environmental strategies used have positively reduced the impact upon the environment, for example altering a new lighting control system in stores has reduced electricity consumption by approximately 66%. Also, replacing HCFs with HFCs has improved the refrigeration system, alongside answering to governmental policies.Discussions about environmental strategy have increased substantially over the last years, influencing business reactions. Alongside this, Morrisons is influenced by government policy and consumer pressure groups meaning they are likely to ensure that firms which do not take action on the environmental front will lose m arket share (cem.) Morrisons state they are connected to improving the environment and have reporting structures in place, such as the corporate responsibility review, to demonstrate their targets to improving their business in regards to the environment.Another reasons as to why environmental management is implemented within Morrisons is to provide assurance to stakeholders regarding compliance to environmental regulations. The use of environmental management strategies enables us to be assure that resources and necessary amenities humans need to function are available for future generations. Environmental management increases the value of the company as investors are more likely to invest if the company is seen to be answering governmental policies. Also the company are a competitive advantage and is a potential source of productivity improvement. Environmental considerations are likely to form an integral part of commercial normality and indeed competitive in the future (cem.)W eakness in regards to Morrisons environmental management can include the extension of achieve by dates, this negatively reinforces a wrong image about the company, consequently leading to market shares depleting. The collection and distribution of goods, impacts the environment negatively in regards to inefficient strategies. Morrisons do not have an online market for groceries, this both decreases the convenience of shopping which other supermarkets offer but also the amount of pollution is not saved when people are traveling to the stores. Implementing in an online business would improve their environmental management. Delivery vans could deliver services with a decreased amount of environmental impact.Although Morrisons are seen to be heading in the right direction, regarding acting green, they stop at dramatically changing their business overall. Stopping the use of plastic bags or stocking only in season fruit and vegetables could impact upon the choice and convenience of consu mers however this would improve its environmental performance. Rather than producing environmental policy aims, it would be better to see whether Morrisons could act to save the environment rather than just pleasing the customer. Another recommendation regard how Morrisons could exploit additional opportunities to improve its environmental performance is to improve their policy on renewable sources of energy. Currently Morrisons have only produced a report how renewable energy can improve savings in regards to dairy farming.

Existential Anxiety And Neurotic Anxiety

Existential Anxiety And Neurotic AnxietyMany theorists recount among anxiety and fear. While fear is a response to a specific, objective and defined threat, anxiety is internal and objectless. It is a free-floating feeling of unease and taking into custody that something bad is going to happen. It is accompanied with physical sensations such(prenominal) as choking and tightness, warning the soul of a potential danger (Cohn, 1997 Spinelli, 2007).However, this distinction does not polish off the concept of anxiety since it takes many forms and receives different emphases by a variety of approaches. A central term in the psychoanalytic theory is neurotic anxiety, magic spell empiricalists talk about existential anxiety. I forget clarify the difference between the two and its implications for therapy. In doing so, I will consider Freuds outlook on anxiety and its origin, as well that of various existential philosophers and psychotherapists.Anxietya. Neurotic Anxiety t in exclu sivelyy to FreudPsychoanalysis emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Freud believed that the forgiving psych is composed of the id, the swelled head and the superego, which work together to create complex human behaviors. According to this topographical model, the id seeks to fulfill all wants, hires and impulses while the superego plays the critical and honorableize role. The ego is the aspect of personality which deals with reality, having to cope with the conflicting demands of the id and the superego (Hall, 1954).Freud used the term ego strength to refer to the egos ability to function despite these dueling forces. A person with good ego strength is able to effectively manage these pressures. When the ego rotternot deal with the demands of our desires, the constraints of reality and our own moral standards, we experience anxiety. Neurotic anxiety is the unconscious worry that we will lose control of the ids urges, resulting in punishment for inapprop riate behavior. Moral anxiety involves a fear of violating our own moral principles.Whatever the anxiety, the ego seeks to reduce it. Operating at the unconscious level, it employs exculpation mechanisms to distort or deny reality. While all defense mechanisms can be adaptive and hold us to function normally, they can also be unhealthy. The defenses keep the threatening contents outside conscious aw atomic number 18ness, restricting direct scene of drives. However, they provide indirect expression of these in displaced, sublimated, or symbolic form. Dreams, Freudian slips and even so symptoms, are a compromise between a forbidden impulse or model, and the defense against it. When defense mechanisms are extremely overused or distort reality too much, this will result in symptoms such as OCD or phobias, an active expression of the conflict (Mitchell and black, 1995).Existential AnxietyExistentialists consider anxiety ontologically and not a result of an individual ontic developm ent. It is an inseparable, inevitable aspect of existence, and a potentially positive phenomenon. (Kirby, 2004 Cohn, 1997).According to the existential approach, the individuals anxiety-provoking basic conflict is not with repressed instinctual impulses, but with his confrontation with the launchns of existence that cannot be avoided. These pose the human with certain final concerns that are an ineluctable part of the human beings existence in the world (May and Yalom, 1995).Several complementary models aim to reflect the structure of existence. One of the most known ones is Yaloms (1981), which identifies four ultimate concerns death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness. The individuals confrontation with each of these provokes anxiety.Freedom refers to the fact that the human being is the author of his own manners, and responsible for his own choices and actions. This responsibility and ability to choose freely, evokes feelings of dread and angst, since the exit of our ch oices are never certain and always imply the rejection of alternatives (Cohn, 1997). According to Sartre (1956), people are condemned, rather than blessed to be free.Kierkegaard (cited in Cohn, 1997, p.71) describes anxiety as the dizziness of freedom. This dizziness is the price we pay for freedom, while making us aware of our possibilities under the limitations of the world we are thrown into. Anxiety is further intensified since we lease no given meaning to guide us in our choices and to base our decisions on. Like a person lost in the jungle, we are forced to compress our own path through lifetime, with no directing signs or maps to point us in the right direction (Cooper, 2003, p.22).Spinelli (2007) accentuates the human need to create a reality with meaning, an interpreted world. If there is no preordained design in life, then we must construct our own meaning in life. We are torn between contradicting forces- between our deep wish for ground and structure on one hand, and our awareness of freedom on the other hand, as well as our need to find meaning in a meaningless universe (May and Yalom, 1995).The most obvious ultimate concern is death (Tillich, 2000). While we wish to continue to live, we are aware of the terrifying truth of inevitable death. it is not only freedom and nothingness that brings with it anxiety, but also the fact that our existence runs up against essential boundaries, such as death and chance. Indeed, it is only because of these boundaries that our choices are infused with angst (cooper, 2003, p.23). This idea is well illustrated in the title of Heideggers work Being and Time- Daseins being is in time, it is finite (Steiner, 1987). Deaths inevitability makes life seem meaningless, reminds us of our existential isolation, and defines our choices as excluding one another due to the time limit (Yalom, 2008).Whether it is presented in terms of life versus death, meaning versus meaningless or certainty versus uncertainty, this intern al tension expresses itself as anxiety, which is unavoidable and non-pathological, but a basic given of the individuals life. Considered in this way, the dilemma of existential anxiety is not so much that it is, but rather how each of us lives with it (Spinelli, 2007, p.27).How Do We Live with it?Van-Deurzen (2002) suggests that in our attempt to fly the coop existential anxiety, we either withdraw from life history, or rent life like there is no choice, living automatically under the self prank that freedom and responsibility do not exist. This self whoremaster that Sartre (1956) calls bad faith leaves no room for anxiety, but also no room for life itself. Heidegger describes the adoption of conventions as submitting to the they and the absorption in the day-to-day distractions, as fallenness- Dasein falls into the ontic world, into in legitimacy. The fallenness is positive because feeling emptiness and alienation, one becomes aware of the loss of himself, and can aspire to re turn to his authentic being (Kirby, 2004 Steiner, 1987). Anxiety throws Dasein back to that he is most anxious from- his authentic potentiality to being-in-the-world (Heidegger cited in Spinelli, 2007, p.29).Every attempt to run away or deny anxiety will only result in intensified anxiety, reminding us of our limitations. Lifewill persecute those who attempt to play by their own rules until they too submit and bear their fate with courage rather than trying to escape (Van-Deurzen, 2002, p.39). An encounter with death, for instance, is often a critical turning point in our attitude to life, an awakening experience. Though the physicality of death destroys us, the idea of death can save us. (Yalom, 2008, p.33).Anxiety is indicative of ones awareness level to his freedom. The more one recognizes and acts on his basic freedom, the more angst he will feel, which is a sign of authenticity (Cooper, 2003 Steiner, 1987). When life is not taken for granted, existential anxiety is experienced (Van-Deurzen, 2002, p.35). We need to embrace and explore anxiety as part of our life experience. We are all torn between the polarities of the existential questions. By facing the polarities and finding the balance, we find meaning.Anxiety Comes in Different DisguisesThe source of neurosis is held by Tillich to be the refusal to stimulate anxiety. Furthermore, Yalom and May (1995) emphasize failed death transc residuumence as the source of many pathologies. It is the way of avoiding nonbeing by avoiding being (Tillich, 2000 p.66). In our attempts to escape anxiety, we adopt restrictive patterns of thought and behavior, which are expressed through structures of what can be identified as symptoms or disorders (Spinelli, 2007). The dread is disguised and concealed in various forms, which provide the illusion of safety, but also restrict growth (Van-Deurzen, 2002 Yalom, 2008).Pathologizing certain categories of anxiety is clearly incompatible with the existential-phenomenological app roach. It seems more fitting to acknowledge a continuum where on one end are courageous and authentic ways to respond to anxiety, and at the other, avoidant, despairing and inauthentic ways (Kirby, 2004).Case StudyDave came to therapy feeling stuck and unsuccessful in all life areas. He married and quickly divorced and succeeded financially but lost everything. He even became religious and then secular again, after religion turned from love to awe. He followed the rules of Judaism obsessively, and also today, he fears he will be punished for various thoughts and acts. For over a year, he felt compelled to give charity in the first kiosk he saw that day, or else he would die.Freud might see this compulsive behavior as an expression of moral anxiety. There is an intra-psychic struggle between Daves ids drives (that made him sleep around and get involved in delinquency), and his super-ego, according to which he should not be doing and thinking such things, making him feel guilt. In hi s maladaptive efforts to set uptle the conflict, he tries to undo his acts and please the super-ego by giving charity that will save him from punishment. Treatment will aim to free the repressed conflict and allow it to enter consciousness and become integrated. Another aim might be strengthening his ego, allowing the development of fitter defense mechanisms in order to rid of anxiety (Hall, 1954).An existential approach will conceive this neurotic behavior as an expression of trying to escape death awareness. Daves fear is not from dueling inner forces, but from non-being. In his attempts to avoid the dreadful recognition that he too will die, he adopted a rigid and restricting behavior that gives him a sense of security from this threat. A behavior that says if I will donate, I will not die it even says so on the box1In therapy, Dave should be encouraged to face anxiety and awaken from this illusion. We are all going to die, and acknowledging that enables living. An existential a pproach does not try to eliminate anxiety, it sees it as an important source of information that motivates and guides us to a full authentic life. According to Van-Deurzen (2002), in the first phase the therapist shows the client the various ways in which he escapes anxiety and chooses not to live. After that, the aim is to help him face anxiety and understand its meaning. The final stop includes exploration of creative ways to rise above the challenges presented by existence, and finding the courage to live with anxiety constructively.Dave and I are at the first stage, analyse ways in which he avoids living. He neglects many aspects of life and escapes thoughts and coping by concentrating on career and money, which give him the illusion of security. He found ephemeral refuge from anxiety in further frames, such as marrying despite a terrible relationship and becoming religious. Religion gave him meaning and a set of rules to live by, freeing him from the burden of freedom. He fo llowed the Halacha2 strictly, with no room to maneuver.Dave also described always feeling distant from his family. When I asked for a specific storage of feeling that way, we started to touch upon the second stage- the meaning of anxiety. At the age of 7 he witnessed his father get electrocuted and fall off a ladder. This evoked thoughts of life without him, and since then, he kept distant. Dave was exposed to death and the loneliness that accompanies it at a young age, with no one to talk to and process his feelings with.My role as a therapist is to help Dave cope with the complexity of reality and accept the risks and anxieties involved in active living. Dave will hopefully find the courage to give up some sense of security and control for more freedom, and find further compromises between extremes. Hopefully, from the expansion of perspective and learning to deal resolutely with life and death, he will abandon his limiting symptom that resembles the security of prison.Conclusion According to a Freudian perspective, neurotic anxiety is disproportionate to the situation and should be eliminated. It involves repression and spin of reality that allows temporary security, but eventually tends to paralyze the individual. The source of anxiety is unconscious intra-psychic conflicts and drives, and Freud sees it as a sign of pathology, a psychological mechanism comprehendible in terms of cause and effect (Kirby, 2004, p.76). It is an abnormal state of mind and a result of a weak ego.Existentialists understand anxiety ontologically, as an unavoidable part of our being-in-the-world. It does not require repression, but rather should be embraced since it teaches us to open up to possibilities and find our own inner-voice. The human-being is not perceived mostly as driven, but as suffering and fearful, anxious in the face of awareness. The anxiety takes place not in ones inner-psychic world, but in his encounter with the external world. Hence, the healthful aim is no t working on defense mechanisms and inner forces, but expanding the clients perspective and relatedness to the world.It may seem tempting for both therapist and client to constrict on eliminating the symptom and supposedly getting rid of anxiety. However, Existentialists see this so called neurotic anxiety or pathological symptoms as trying to avoid existential anxiety. Since anxiety is a valuable source of information, we should encourage the client to learn what it can teach him, and not eagerly attempt to get rid of it with music for example. Out of recognizing and accepting the anxiety, the disturbing symptoms will hopefully stop. Tillich (2000) recognized that we should understand anxiety ontologically before we can help our clients deal with it on an ontic level. The aim is living as much as possible without neurotic anxiety, but with the ability to tolerate existential anxiety.

Culture in the Police Force

Culture in the Police ForceCulture is a way of life, different nations, different countries or even different families bind their own cultures. There is one occupational culture inside the law force, that what we called collect Culture. According to Reiner (2000), guard occupational cultures sess be specify as a sympathetic of sh are value, beliefs, norms, kick the bucketing practices, and informal rules, police officers will office these cultures to merelyify their works in their world. In this essay, we will talk ab forth the principal features and characteristics associated with toss off culture, also we will further discuss the main young critiques of the previous scholarly understandings of cop culture.Culture is the way of life which varies from place to place, or changes over period. It exists in many forms like, behaviors, attitude or norms, etc. gain vigor culture is an organizational culture within the police force, it is non the formal rules but still widel y mobilise within the force. These informal rules and share determine will non be published as written manuals. There will not have a ceremony to announce these rules, but when new-made recruits enter the system, during the recruitment and training period, they will be socialized and learn more or less the culture. New police officers are then engaged in spare-time activity the informal rules as they are all assumed to achieve the same goal. With this unavoidable socialization, police and cop culture are always closely interdependent. many an(prenominal) studies always part cop culture as the key debate in contemporary policing, it is because existence concerns that, police is the professionals in our society, their works involve hazard and risk. They are paid to protect the public safety and prevent crime, so they should take these responsibilities. Public expect and demand police officers the highest standard of work, but they do not truly understand the complexity of pol ice work. Working amidst this ambiguous gap, there is a need for police officers to work out a special way of life to sustain the whole system.Cop culture involves different underlying values, these whitethorn affect or guide the polices working behavior. It commode be seen as the reference for police to understand more about the way of work and the policing style of its organization, or we may say it is a kind a learning behavior. As many criminologists mostly concern about how the cop-culture shapes the ways in which officers use their judgement? we can make use of the police culture to further understand and interpret how the police use the discretion male monarch. (Westmarland, L, 2008) Discretion power takes an important role in the police role, police use this specific authorized power when they have to make decision for their operation. As we all know, it is impossible to implement the law fully, there still have differences amid law in practice and law in theory. We c annot write down every single case in a rule book, and ask the police officers to follow them strictly. In this case, police need to make good use of the knowledge learnt from the training school and experiences from the older officers as references. Police have to wait thousands of decision making process at their work, for example, whether to arrest or warn a careless driver. Discretion power provides them a wide range of methods to implement the law correctly. In this case, cop-culture may affect their perception about the criminal behavior or the criminals. Finally, it may change and control the results or even the evaluator directly.To combine different scholars studies about Cop culture, they tried to list a numerous of features to characterize cop-culture. They are a sense of mission, cynicism/pessimism, machismo, suspiciousness, sexual solidarity/social closing off and conservatism.Robert Reiner (2000 111-114) strongly emphasized the central feature of cop culture is a sense of mission. Police have a strong sense to protect the public and the weak, as it is not only their subscriber line but their way of life. They have strong commitment to this valuable work. About the cynicism/pessimism, it dominated the personalities of police officers. Because their work makes them the impression to dangerous conditions, they become mistrust to the public or even everyone. Machismo is a product of the masculine ethos of the force and the tension built up by the work (Jewkes, Y. Letherby, G., 2002 276), it is a very typical sketch in every police force. With a cult of masculinity and the strong and aggressive self- images, this has great influence power on their attitude and behaviors towards offenders, victims and crime.Moreover, Skolnick (1966) introduced other three main characteristics in making of cop culture, they are suspiciousness, internal solidarity linked with social isolation and conservatism. It is all started from the job nature of police, the work of police is closely link to danger and risk. With this nature, police firstly become more suspicious of everyone in the society, probably, they are trained to be suspicious as to stop the danger matters as soon as possible, suspicious manner thus lead to social isolation which includes isolation from families, friends or the mainstream of community. They may think that all the people except their colleagues do not understand their works. As internal solidarity is linked with social isolation, they will also be mutually reinforced. It is easily to understand that because of that external social isolation, they will become more rely on their working partners, they will feel that only police officers will know and support their works, and thus enhance their internal solidarity. Conservatism is related to the traditional image of police, as they are the authority figures which upholding strong genuine powers in the society, their working style will be conservative too. They wil l not be easily affected by other norms, such as they should not have any sympathies towards any crime related parties. Also, conservatism makes the police organizations lack of incentive to change and reforms. All of above features are not written as formal rules but they are all known by any police officers.According to Skolnick (1966), police view themselves as the safeguards of society, they are working in danger and they are required to be suspicious. They need to use their authorities to enforce the law as to protect the society. Within this framework, Skolnick (1966) pointed out the police always face a dilemma that we are working under pressure to achieve results in the form of law enforcement, but we are restricted by the rule of law to enforce the law Also, as their work are closely watched by the public every day ( Newburn. T Reiner. R, 2007 918), these give the police work greater pressures, and thus provide them an environment to rise up a set of unique culture for de aling with their works. And public may see this culture as deviant but it has been accepted and justified as normal in the cop-culture.Some other studies (Wortley, R, K., 1992) also noted racial prejudice as a feature of cop culture. It is shown that police are targeted a specific races as their policing target informally. They believe they are the authorized incorrupt judges in the community, so they are allowed to do some prejudge before the formal due-process. The important point is that they usually focus on the minorities and develop a certain unfair or discriminative attitude to deal with them.You may ask in what ways the police officers share these cop culture, and does it authentically so long-lasting? According to Andrew Brown (199526), culture is a product of historical process. When years and years pass, this has become a set of identical working style within the organization. Experiences are accumulated day by day, and become the history today. The shared norms and val ues are easily spread betwixt surgical incision and officers.However, many criminologists wrote to criticize the existence of cop-culture. Most of their studies focused on problem of races and gender discrimination, and it raised the public anxiety on police abuse of discretion power or even more serious problem like, miscarriage of justice. Different scholars had brought out their complaints about the cop-culture, and have advocated kind of reform to stop the spread and development of the cop-culture.Is that really so serious that we need to restrict this internal culture within the police organization? Some recent scholars like, Chan (1996) and Waddington (2004) started to look cop-culture with a different angles and paint a new picture for it. They challenged the previous scholars about their conception of the cop-culture.According to Police (mobile canteen) sub-culture an appreciation of Waddington, P.A.J (2004), he tried to offer us an alternative view of cop culture which op posed the previous scholars understanding and criticisms about cop-culture. Waddington(2004) give tongue to that it is only a canteen culture whereas we can do it as an oral phenomenon, he emphasized the differences between talk and action( Waddington, 2004 364), we do not need to pay too much attention on their individual(a) talks in such private backstage like canteens where far away from public. He argued that it is only an act of storytelling. In some case is that senior officers make use of the channel to share their war stories with some exaggerate manners. However, we should believe the professional training as those police officers have abilities to determine its humankind and decide whether to take it as reference or not.In addition, it can be a positive thing which provides them opportunity to express their emotions as they have already suffered from high pressure on their daily work. This police occupational culture also provides them an idea of spirit, it fosters a strong sense of cohesion between officers and thus enhances their working attitude. Officers believe that there is a mutual understanding which makes them find their own values within the organization and community. Waddington (2004 375) also described this canteen culture is simply developed by a condition of talking a good fight , officers just want to glorify themselves, it is also related to their personalities of machismo. The process of glorification can definitely increase their self-esteem which makes them work harder and more efficient as to achieve the same goal and to maintain their internal working spirit.Moreover, Waddington, P.A.J. (2004) argued that cop culture is just an in-group culture, it is unnecessary to link this with the problem of race or gender discrimination. Also, those characteristics are just the way of police lives, we should not comment it as negative or even to reform their way of lives. It is meaningless to concern about the talk aspect, or we should pay more attention on their action indeed.Another key critique about cop-culture is proposed by Janet Chan (1996) recently. She made 4 main criticisms about the previous conceptions about cop-culture and its abilities to explain cop-culture. Firstly, Reiner (1992 109) stated that the cop culture is not monolithic, universal nor changing. But Chan (1996) argued that the previous definitions are too simple and not universal. She concerns the failure of existing definitions of police culture to beak for internal differentiation and jurisdictional differences. (Chan, 1996 111) She stated that there must be different level of police sub-cultures inside the organization, but the previous scholars mostly just focus on the culture of road level, but they neglected the culture of management level. She criticized that the previous scholars could not provide a full definition and nationwide conditions of cop-culture.Secondly, Chan (1996) argued that police officers are not like what Reiner (1992 109) described as passive and being cultural dopes She also criticized Reiner did not make an detailed explanation about socialization of police officers. Every police officer has their own choice to decide whether absorb and transform the values, they will not follow those informal rules blindly. They can separate which are hero stories and which are real works and real world.Thirdly, Chan (1996 112) proposed that A theory of police culture must, therefore, situate culture in the policy-making and social context of policing. As the police is closely related to the society, it is impossible to extremely separated them. However, Chan (1996) found that the previous scholars failed to do this. No matter the street level and management level officers also need to respond to the public action. About those problems of injustice or corruption, police organization still have to react to these scandals.The final criticism is closely linked with the previous criticisms, according to Chan (1996112), an all-powerful, homogeneous and deterministic conception of the police culture insulated from the external environment leaves little place setting for a cultural change. She stated that the previous scholars were failed to examine the scope and possibilities for changing this cop-culture.Almost thirty years ago, people are started to pay attention on the police occupational culture which we named as cop culture nowadays. Police take an important role in our society, a minimal difference between their behaviors may result very differently. Most of the studies are focus on the street cop culture, especially those patrol officers. Cop culture is the shared values and norms within the police officers, although this culture will be varies from place to place, there are still some standard features in general. However, many scholars always defined cop culture as something negative and destructive to society. After a period of time, some current scholars argued that those previous criticisms about cop culture may not be correct in all cases, and made a newly and clear way for us to understand the concept about cop culture.

Re-Identifying God in Experience Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Rel

Re-Identifying idol in ExperienceABSTRACT If an alleged experience of God can cook up evidence for Gods existence, then it moldiness be possible for God to be a perceptual particular, that is, a substantive, enduring object of perception. Furthermore, if some(prenominal) such experiences are to be cumulative evidence for Gods existence, then it must be possible to reidentify God from experience to experience. I essay both a abstract and an epistemological argument against these possibilities that is derived from the work of Richard Gale. I argue that neither of these arguments is successful. For God to be a perceptual particular, he must have an inner life for God to be reidentified across experiences, he need not exist in dimensions analogous to the spatiotemporal. If an alleged experience of God is to provide evidence for Gods existence, it must be possible for God to be a perceptual particular a substantive, enduring object of perception. If several such experiences are to b e cumulative evidence for Gods existence, it must be possible to re-identify God from experience to experience. I want to examine arguments against each of these possibilities. These arguments are, respectively, a conceptual and an epistemological argument embedded in the writings of Richard Gale.(1)On Gales conceptual argument, for us to have a coherent concept of an object, O, as a perceptual particular (1) We must know what it means for O to exist when not perceived. (2) O must be able to be the common object of dissimilar experiences, and (3) We must be able to understand the distinction between numerical and qualitative identity with regard to O.We need these requirements to distinguish perceptual from phenomenal p... ...1) Richard Gale, On the Nature and Existence of God (Cambridge University Press), pp. 326-343, and Richard Gale, Why Alstons Mystical Doxastic Practice is Subjective, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 54 (1994), 869-875.(2) Why Alstons, p. 872. (3) P. F. Strawson, Individuals, An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics (London Methuen, 1964), p. 37.(4) Individuals, p. 81.(5) Individuals, p. 77.(6) Gareth Evans, Things Without the Mind - A gossip upon Chapter Two of Strawsons Individuals, in Zak Van Straaten, ed., Philosophical Subjects, Essays Presented to P.F. Strawson (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1980), pp. 76-116. (7) See Jonathan Bennett, Kants Analytic (Cambridge 1966), p. 37(8) See Evans, Things Without the Mind, pp. 81-82.(9) See Merold Westphal, God, Guilt, and Death (Bloomington Indiana University Press, 1984).

Urbanization and Human Influence Essay -- Environmental Geology Essays

Urbanization and Human InfluenceIt is estimated that by the year 2000, half the world population allow for live in urban environments (Porter and Brown, 1996). The US Bureau of the Census defines an atomic number 18a as being urbanized if a central city and its closely settled surrounding rule are of a certain size with 50,000 people and density of at least 1,000 people per square mile (Knox, 1994). A component of the definition denotes that military man influence is a main aspect of urbanized areas in the process of urbanization. Unfortunately in order to create an urbanized area, a natural environment must be destroyed. Urbanization and human activity within an urban system produces many destructive and irreversible effects on natural environments such(prenominal) as climate change, air pollution, sediment and soil erosion, increased flooding magnitude, and loss of habitat. Cities in an urban environment change the local climate dramatically. Temperatures are always warmer in t he city than it is in the surrounding areas creating a sort of heat-island (Harms, 1994). In a city, the suns energy is not apply in the same way as in open landscapes with vegetation and trees. Concrete, stone, asphalt, and roofs tend to act as solar collectors and emit and absorb heat. The burning of fogy fuels similarly emit greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide that heat up the atmosphere around the source and usually the source is within urban environments. Cities also tend to be cloudier, rainier, and less humid than their surrounding areas. Cities are 10 percent rainier and 10 percent cloudier and have a 25 percent put down average wind speed, 30 percent more summer fog, and 100 percent more winter fog than nonurban areas (Keller, 1996). Average relative humidity is half-dozen percent... ...an up and rebuild cities in balance with nature (Merrifield and Swyngedouw, 1997) rather than destroy natural environments. With more and more people living and moving to cities, the p roblem will extend beyond existing boundaries and result in more damage to the natural environment. The effects of urbanization on the environment are permanent and great and urban policy must change in order to save what is left in the natural world. Literature CitedHarms, Valerie. 1994. The National Audubon Society Almanac of the Environment. G.P. Putnams Sons New York Keller, Edward A. 1996. Environmental Geology. Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River. Merrifield, Andy and Erik Swygedouw. 1997. The Urbanization of Injustice. New York University Press New York. Porter, Gareth and Janet Welsh Brown. 1996. Global Environmental Politics. Westview Press Boulder.